hckrnws

https://archive.ph/J8pg5

This does not work for me.

It's a loop of captcha which never ends

Archive blocks VPNs. If you're on one, that could be why.

I've also found that archive.ph is significantly less accessible than archive.is despite hosting the same content. Pausing my VPN for a few minutes and then changing the .ph to .is fixed a similar captcha loop for me, though I still did need to solve a captcha for it.

This may be a DNS issue. I had the same problem with NextDNS. After switching my DNS servers to Cloud Flare DNS (1.1.1.1, 1.0.0.1), it works fine.

Switching to Cloudflare DNS solves archive.today problems? That's strange. archive.today is known for having problems with Cloudflare DNS[1]. Switching to Google DNS should solve it. (This isn't because of a bug in Cloudflare DNS, but rather that archive.today dislikes that Cloudflare DNS doesn't support EDNS.)

Disclosure: I work at Google, but not on the DNS team.

[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=39925822

It’s not. They’ve blocked some countries entirely.

Yeah here in Finland the archive site seems to come and go on a monthly basis.

It's always DNS!

are you using a VPN? that happens often to me. might be a combo of that and ublock origin. I'm guessing archive gets a ton of attacks from VPN so they probably just have rules to captcha any VPN address. I have a local proxy on rpi setup and then a container in firefox that lets me use that to quickly swap to a proxy that uses my real IP. very handy for shit like this.

When this happens to me, it's either because I'm connected to a VPN, or I'm using Cloudflare's public DNS server.

I was having this problem earlier with different URLs I was searching for but the link above actually worked for me.

Yeah never use Cloudflare DNS. They refuse to fix this issue. Use quad9 or Google DNS.

Try this: https://wapo.st/4qqatnA

Anecdata: When it happens to me, disabling the VPN helps.

You have some extension issues going on, maybe. Seems to work fine in FF and chrome.

I bet all the downvoting helped with that.

"JPMorgan calculated last fall that the tech industry must collect an extra $650 billion in revenue every year — three times the annual revenue of AI chip giant Nvidia — to earn a reasonable investment return. That marker is probably even higher now because AI spending has increased."

That pretty much tells you how this will end, right there.

Nvidia invests $100bn in OpenAI, who buy $100bn of Nvidia chips, who invest the $100bn revenue in OpenAI, who buy $100bn in Nvidia chips, and round it goes. That's an easy $600bn increase in tech industry revenue right there.

The classic "Where's the $20 you owe me?" sketch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-ycvJC-qIQ

am i wrong to think that this sketch isn't at all applicable (besides the surface level joke of money being passed around) to the ai bubble or ""modern banking"" as mentioned in the youtube comments? i keep seeing it referenced like it is an explanation of some crazy conspiracy thing, so i don't know if i just don't get it.

No it's actually perfect.

GDP measures exchange of money with the assumption that this is a proxy for actual economic output... except cases like this where monetary exchanges like this which accomplish nothing.

i assume the joke is that the three stooges are too stupid to realize that because they all owe each other $20 there is no debt, and they show this by accident by passing a $10 dollar bill around until it ends up back with larry. it says nothing about GDP.

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=37395566

An important thing that this joke misses is that both economists now also owe federal income tax and social security tax.

If they routed the payments through a shell company it would be written off as business entertainment expenses.

Were the payments considered income?

Yes, but they were under the 1099 reporting limits, while they both owe taxes on them, neither were required to report it to the IRS... assuming this is the one and only time they paid each other for services rendered.

Yes, but they just didn't tell the IRS and nobody was any the wiser

The replies explain all there is to explain in that example. If each economist thinks that eating shit is worth $100 then, well, that's what it's worth.

It is fascinating that someone can tell an obvious joke with an obvious point, where the characters themselves spell out what’s wrong, and yet we can be certain someone will genuinely believe and defend that “no no, actually eating a random pile of shit you found on the floor makes sense and is worth it”.

Has it occurred to you, especially since one of the economists in the joke admits they feel they ate shit for nothing, that they actually do not feel the exercise was worth it? Have you never spent money on something, thinking it would be worth it, then afterwards realised it was a waste of money? Have you also never taken a job and then realised “I didn’t charge enough for the trouble”?

I’m reminded of a bit of news I heard a while back, where one teenager challenged a friend to eat rat shit they found on the street. The eater died shortly after, because the poop contained rat poison. I doubt any of them found it worth it.

It's a political joke that uses a rhetorical sledge hammer to make it impossible to defend a particular principle. Is it so surprising that someone will still defend the principle?

It's not an obvious joke. It seems closer to a puzzle in that the reader must discover that the $100 was for entertainment. This is a common class of puzzle where money changes hands between two people and results in a surprising conclusion.

Bro, there’s something really wrong with your head if you seriously believe that the gist of the story is “eating shit is entertainment”.

A better gist may be the value of entertainment is temporary.

If instead it was just one person and they went to a movie theater. If you ignore the entertainment value it may just look like the person through away the admission cost.

Someone in management read and misunderstood "The Velocity of Money" (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_of_money)?

Or understood way too well. I promise it isn't Altman that will be left destroyed or jobless if this crashes.

[dead]

Mass layoffs and the wellness camp industry will easily account for $600+ billion a year in contracts, for at least a few years.

https://www.teenvogue.com/story/rfk-wellness-farms-us-disabi...

Smells like "Banco Master" (Brazil) scandal.

investment is not revenue tho... this is equivalent to nvidia buying its own chips...

It is equivalent under scrutiny, but casually looking the books and seeing Nvida making a sale to Nvida sticks out like a sore thumb a lot more than Nvida making a sale to OpenAI. The latter is much more likely to pass as revenue.

Either Nvidia eventually runs out of chips for OpenAI to buy or OpenAI runs out of equity Nvidia can buy.

The chips OPEN AI is buying don't even exist, they're hypothetical chips that will potentially exist at some point in the future.

Even future chips might run out. But I think OpenAI will run out of equity to sell first. Even tough they can print it, it gets dilluted.

Total US GDP is ~31 trillion, so that's only like 5%. I think it's conceivable that AI could result in ~5% of GDP in additional revenue. Not saying it's guaranteed, but it's hardly an implausible figure. And of course it's even less considering global GDP.

Yup. If you follow the links to the original JP Morgan quote, it's not crazy:

> Big picture, to drive a 10% return on our modeled AI investments through 2030 would require ~$650 billion of annual revenue into perpetuity, which is an astonishingly large number. But for context, that equates to 58bp of global GDP, or $34.72/month from every current iPhone user...

> or $34.72/month from every current iPhone user...

As a current iPhone user, I'm not signing up for that especially if it is on top of the monthly cell service fee.

I do realize though that you were trying to provide useful context.

But think about it this way: something simple like Slack charges $9/month/person and companies already pay that on many behalf. How hard would it be to imagine all those same companies (and lots more) would pay $30/month/employee for something something AI? Generating an extra $400 per year in value, per employee, isn't that much extra.

$35/iPhone user is not “per corporate white collar worker”.

Think outside the coastal high paid SWE bubble and realize vast swathes of people use 5 year old phones on a $25/phone family mobile plan.

Retirees, youth, blue collar, lots of people who don’t want/need AI or wouldn’t fork out $140 for their family of 4 to access it.

$35/head is a pretty high bar if you compare to per capita total streaming subscriptions across music and movies across all providers for example.

$35/head is possible but it has to provide tangible value to the user (beyond coding) which many pro-AI people will fail to recognize. People pay a lot for other stuff (ie: like their phone plan). Being digital or physical is not the issue here but the value perceived by the user.

> Generating an extra $400 per year in value, per employee, isn't that much extra.

I agree, and would add that it’s contributing to inflation in hard assets.

Basically:

* it’s a safe bet that labor will have lower value in 2031 than it has today

* if you have a billion to spend, and you agree, you will be inclined to put your wealth into hard assets, because AI depends on them

In a really abstract way, the world is not responsible for feeding a new class of workers: robots.

And robots consume electricity, water, space, and generate heat.

Which is why those sectors are feeling the affects of supply and demand.

> * it’s a safe bet that labor will have lower value in 2031 than it has today

If AI makes workers more productive, labor will have higher value than it has today. Which specific workers are winning in that scenario may vary tremendously, of course, but I don't think anyone is seriously claiming AI will make everyone less productive.

The value of labor i.e. wages depend on labor demand (the marginal product of labor) and bargaining power, not output per worker. If AI is a substitute for many tasks, the marginal value of an additional worker, and what a company is willing to pay for their work can fall even if each remaining worker is more productive.

What you're forecasting is a scenario where total output has substantially increased but no one's hiring or able to start their own business. Instant massive recession is by no means a "sure bet" with technological improvements, especially those that make more kinds of work possible than before.

> What you're forecasting is a scenario where total output has substantially increased but no one's hiring or able to start their own business.

I said labor would have “lower value” after AI progresses further and further.

My statement reflects that increased productivity means that fewer people are required to generate the same amount of economic output.

You twisted my statement and said “nobody is hiring.”

Which isn’t what I said.

> My statement reflects that increased productivity means that fewer people are required to generate the same amount of economic output.

People have been singing that since the industrial revolution started.

What makes you think it's different this time? Other times increased productivity yielded fewer people doing what a machine suddenly can do. But never fewer people employed or smaller overall economy.

You can argue that our populations are older than ever before. There aren't enough kids, and consumers are saturated with consumption opportunities.

That's maybe never happened before during the industrial revolution. But it's orthogonal to AI.

I'm not forecasting that, and it's a virtual strawman in the face of my much narrower claim: that wages depend on marginal labor demand and bargaining power, not average output per worker. If AI substitutes for labor, the marginal value of adding another worker in many roles can fall. That can mean fewer hires or lower wages in some categories, not 'no hiring' or an instant massive recession. I have no idea what the addressable market or demand for our more productive economy is, but for the record I do hope it's high to support new businesses and a bigger pie in general!

Forgive me, I was responding to the original claim that "it’s a safe bet that labor will have lower value in 2031 than it has today".

It will - and z2 explained why, in response to my post

That’s a perfect summary of what I was getting at, thank you

> If AI makes workers more productive, labor will have higher value than it has today.

Workers being more productive does not necessarily translate to workers getting more leverage or a larger piece of the pie.

Tech Company: At long last, we have created Manna from classic sci-fi novel Don't Create Manna

https://marshallbrain.com/manna1

The world IS responsible for handling the people. Thats the whole fucking reason we made society to take care of children. Nothing is inevitable. It serves the interests of the few.

"The world" isn't responsible for anything. The world simply exists, and owes you nothing.

I think they meant “society.” Society does, in fact, owe the people something, especially if we, the people, are expected to live by the rules, social norms, and expectations imposed by society.

Yea, like anything, you get out what you put into it. I wouldn't describe that as society "owes" me something.

Parent was talking about children (npi) — they don’t get out of society what they put into it. Society owes them care for bringing them into it, and if society defaults on this debt then society ends.

> Society owes them care for bringing them into it, and if society defaults on this debt then society ends.

Society owes you nothing.

Your premise is false.

"No taxation without representation" is a perfectly reasonable stance.

What's society for then?

Oh man you're not gonna like how we all treat you after internalizing that kinda talk.

What your describing is a low trust society. If you disregard the social contract like that, then people wont owe the "the world" anythign either. Collaboration and civics goes out the window. If you want to look at what kind of a shithole that libertarian nonsense leads to, then try taking a stroll in SF at night

You get out of society what you put into it. If I want a seamless web of deserved trust, then of course I need to contribute to that.

I don't consider that to be saying that society "owes" me something. I regard it mutually beneficial, not some kind of debt/debtor relationship.

This is an important framing - we talk so much of "rights" but if you have a right to something, that means someone or someones have a duty to provide it.

No, no it does not. If we say everyone has a right to clean air and water, no one else has a duty to provide it. Those are given to us for free by the planet. The issue is that rich assholes (and poor assholes who only think of getting rich) take that away from everyone else by polluting what is common to everyone.

Man I am on the wrong tech site.

Where are all the geeks that grew up on Trek and want to create a better future where society provides for it's citizens?

Hacker News is a system for marketing and finding new hires for Y Combinator

They are here, following the prime directive.

> I don't consider that to be saying that society "owes" me something. I regard it mutually beneficial, not some kind of debt/debtor relationship.

You know, in phrases like "you owe it to your spouse/sibling/friend/self to...", people aren't talking about formal debt. Please try to keep that kind of meaning in mind when people say that society owes its people.

humans collectively are responsible for the end results of innovations and achievements , otherwise who are you doing all this for. Wars are a extreme form of disagreements amongst a large body of opposing opinions or perspective IMHO. Earth (world!) simply exists, with or without you. You as Byorganism/Byproduct of this planet you have an obligation to this planet in good deeds. Have you not watched Star-Wars?

Most people in the economy do not use Slack. That tool may be most beneficial to those people who stand to lose jobs to AI displacement. Maybe after everyone is pink-slipped for an LLM or AI chatbot tool the total cost to the employer is reduced enough that they are willing to spend part of the money they saved eliminating warm bodies on AI tools and willing to pay a higher per employee price.

I think with a smaller employee pool though it is unlikely that it all evens out without the AI providers holding the users hostage for quarterly profits' sake.

They will pay it but lay off the number of employees needed to balance it out, and just expect the remaining ones to make up for it with their new AI subscriptions.

That AI will have to be significantly preferable to the baseline of open models running on cheap third-party inference providers, or even on-prem. This is a bit of a challenge for the big proprietary firms.

> the baseline of open models running on cheap third-party inference providers, or even on-prem. This is a bit of a challenge for the big proprietary firms.

It’s not a challenge at all.

To win, all you need is to starve your competitors of RAM.

RAM is the lifeblood of AI, without RAM, AI doesn’t work.

Assuming high bandwidth flash works out, RAM requirements should be drastically reduced as you'd keep the weights in much higher capacity flash.

> Sample HBF modules are expected in the second half of 2026, with the first AI inference hardware integrating the tech anticipated in early 2027.

https://www.tomshardware.com/tech-industry/sandisk-and-sk-hy...

How does HBF compare to the discontinued 3D XPoint?

HBF is NAND and integrated in-package like HBM. 3D XPoint or Optane would be extremely valuable today as part of the overall system architecture, but they were power-intensive enough that this particular use probably wouldn't be feasible.

(Though maybe it ends up being better if you're doing lots of random tiny 4k reads. It's hard to tell because the technology is discontinued as GP said, whereas NAND has kept progressing.)

A lot of iPhone users will be given a subscription via their job. If they still have a job at that point.

This is true though I think even if the employer provides all this on a per employee basis, the number of eligible employees, after everyone who stands to lose a job because of a shift to AI tools, will be low enough that each employee will need to add a lot of value for this to be worth it to an employer so the stated number is probably way too low. Ordinary people may just migrate from Apple products to something that is more affordable or, in the extreme case, walk away from the whole surveillance economy. Those people would not buy into any of this.

Why are they not getting the iPhones paid by employers now?

That's about an extra iPhone every 3-4 years.

It could be priced into your appstore purchases like apple 30% cut is and you wouldn't notice.

This is true but unfortunately for Apple I don't buy anything from the app store except for a minimal iCloud subscription for temporary photo storage. I am in the process of unwinding that subscription in favor of local storage and periodic sync. I haven't been diligent about syncing things in the past so I did buy a subscription for photo storage to avoid losing photos. I know that lots of people buy apps for all kinds of things. I'm not one of those people though.

Why you even said you wouldn’t subscribe? It’s not relevant in the slightest.

$650bb / ($34.72 * 12 months) = 1.56 billion users.

That's far larger than the population of the USA (unclear to me if that 650bb number is global or USA only) but by sheer scale this is assuming that these companies can collect that fee from a global customer base - including users in developing economies, EU, China, etc. and after the middleman fees are accounted for.

The comments in this thread seem to be thinking within the context of 'the poorest in their nation'. This calculation assumes collecting this fee from among 'the poorest in the world'.

Sure, 1.56bb users could also be interpreted as 'the wealthiest 20% of the world'. But the tail is especially long on this curve given how wealth is concentrated in a small percentage of the global population (1% of users have 50% of wealth).

Microsoft, Google, Apple, Amazon, Nvidia, etc have been able to collect large amounts of revenue from a global customer base so I don't think the assumption was that unreasonable.

Obviously, China will protect its homegrown AI industry. Current geopolitics trending towards US decoupling in Europe might slow it. But under the old status quo, US AI would have been rapidly adopted in the EU (and it still might. It depends greatly on how much of the Trump Doctrine outlasts the current administration).

Developing countries eventually adopt new technologies. First they adopted personal computers and became customers of Microsoft, then they adopted the Internet and became customers of Google, they adopted smartphones and became customers of Apple. Eventually they will adopt AI and become customers of someone. The question is whether it will be US tech or Chinese tech.

Personally I would be astonished if LLMs percolating through the global economy doesn’t give a 50bp bump from here on out.

Even if scaling hit a wall, commoditizing what we have now would do it. We have so much scaffolding and organizational overhang with the current models, it’s crazy.

Agreed. Applying the intelligence we already have more broadly will have a huge impact. That's been true for a while now, and it keeps getting more true as models keep getting better.

It's conceivable to us working in white collar knowledge jobs where our input and output is language. Will it also make 5% more homes built by a carpenter?

It might provide cover to lay off more than 5% of us (the LLM can create a work-like text product that, as far as upper management can tell, is indistinguishable from the real thing!), then we will have to go find jobs swinging hammers to build houses. Well, somebody’s got to do it.

The idea that companies need "cover" to perform layoffs (particularly in the US) doesn't make sense to me. Tech companies, all companies lay people off regularly. (To a first order approximation) if a worker is a net positive to a company then the company will want to keep them, and if they are not then the company will want to get rid of them. AI or no AI.

Seems like the cover might be for investors. If a company is shrinking but you don't want investors to know it's shrinking, you can say you're improving productivity with AI.

I’ve seen many essential people being laid off for stupid reasons, the gp reason above being part of the story for some. Finance runs the world not tech. Tech is only welcome when it helps finance else it is marginalized.

That seems pretty reasonable, yes. That is like asking if putting a low-cost Ops Research specialist in every company could make a 5% difference in operations - yes it could. Making resource-efficient decisions is not something that comes naturally to humans and having a system that consistently makes high quality game-theoretic recommendations would be huge.

Bunch of tiny companies would love to hire a mathematician to optimise what they are doing to get a 5-10% improvement. Unfortunately a 5-10% improvement in a small business can't justify the cost of hiring another person, and good mathematicians with business sense and empathy are a rare commodity.

Lots of jobs like daycare, teachers, cleaning, the material costs are near zero and your ability to increase productivity using technology is very low.

You can reduce quality of cleaning. But it's very hard to clean faster and better at the same time.

These industries are not going to be optimized by an AI. The only optimization is lower overhead or lower salaries.

Sure, we could have robots in daycare, but I don't think lack of AI is why my wife would have concerns :)

Of course there's jobs that don't have a productivity boost from AI. The question is whether across the entire economy there will be a 5% GDP boost.

Teachers, cleaners, and daycare workers may see 0% gains, but don't be surprised if that is made up for by 10% gains the productivity of tech, law, marketing, advertising, manufacturing, government, etc. (okay maybe not government).

How can advertising and marketing become more profitable from this? It's a genuine question, but I don't see how making advertising and marketing easier for everybody and hence flooding the already flooded market would result in increased productivity.

If that seems reasonable to you then you don't know anything about residential construction. The problems that homebuilders face aren't amenable to mathematical solutions. They have to deal with permitting issues, corrupt / incompetent government officials, supplier delays, bad weather, flakey workers, etc. The notion of a 5% improvement from LLM is ludicrously naive.

Even if you ignore the red tape.

At some point you're stacking bricks and hitting nails.

AI just won't make you stack bricks much faster :)

The first 2 are very LLM amenable, the last 3 are very mathematical-solution amenable (optimising around issues like that is basically what Ops Research does). I don't see what your argument is here.

The list of people claiming that maths won't work who then get bulldozed by mathematicians is long.

How will the LLM bypass the corrupt government official?

Because they make it much easier to audit what decisions are being made and how reasonable they were. Corruption relies on not being too well known - once people can start pointing to specific decisions rather than a general "we know there is corruption here somewhere" it is hard to sustain.

It's not like people don't know who they are though? It's not some secret formula of who is corrupt. It's everyone that's been in position for any length of time. If you don't yield to the corruption you won't be in your job long. The degree of corruption is variable and perhaps the LLM could find the most efficient wheel to grease and person to lean on but then you just have the next company doing more of the same.

LOL are you looking at the news lately. Everything is blatantly in the open now.

[dead]

It is not a hardly implausible figure given the wide range of human economic activity, that's a common flaw in economic thinking when small percentages of huge numbers seem realistic ("my business plan is modest and will achieve a tiny 0.01% of the global market to become one of the biggest companies in the world, very plausible")

Have you ever seen US GDP go up 5% yearly for several years?

That’s the bet! last time we had that growth was for a few years during the dotcom, followed by a lost decade of growth in tech stocks

Doesn't have to go up. It's also fine if they replace other parts of the economy.

In the expenditures for the economy making up GDP, not a lot of it screams “AI-able.” Page 9 here breaks down GDP on expenditure basis.

https://www.bea.gov/sites/default/files/2026-01/gdp3q25-upda...

Given how much of the spending is hard goods and simply not AI-able (rent, most of housing new construction, most of other goods, most health care, much of other services), the replacement theory would require a massive displacement.

exactly.

The quote is about a one-time increase in growth of 5 percentage points. Not multiple years or forever.

Or obviously it can be spread out, e.g. ~1% additional increase over 5 years.

It cannot be sustained with just one-time growth. Capital always has to grow, or it will decrease. If this bubble actually manages to deliver interest, this will lead to the bubble growing even larger, driving even more interest.

China did it. It’s not inconceivable.

China’s GDP per capita fell for the first 40 years of CCP rule, making it way easier to have constant growth after that period. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(191...

Developed countries have slow growth because they need to invent the improvements not just copy what works from other countries.

The chart you listed is for the years before the CCP won the civil war in 1949. But agreed that many of the problems overcome were also problems that were created after the war.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(19...

Starting at 1949 is overly generous IMO, but yes the purges that followed didn’t help.

Japan controlled much more of China than the communists did before 1945. And having half your country occupied is bad for GDP. You made a mistake and believed some propaganda here.

1945 is before 1949.

Chinese GDP was higher during WWII than over the next several years, the actual minimum 1959 to 1961 was well into communist rule. Literally CCP rule was worse than the anarchy of civically war, it’s right up there with the insanity of Pol Pot.

This so historically stupid claim, it's not even wrong tier.

There was no GDP data under KMT - it wasn't even formally calculated.

CCP started GDP calculations, but using soviet MPS GDP accounting system that basically omitted services and lowballed production prices.

The only GDP data we have that is pseudo normalized are via estimates like Maddison project. Even they don't bother to recompose China/KMT data during WW2. The TLDR is prewar peak 1939 data (right before JP invasion) around 288B, PRC took over in 1949, GDP was 245B in 1950, grew to 306B by 1952. GLF tanked GDP from 460b to 350B... i.e. the worst case scenario of GLF floor was still 40% larger than 1950.

E: Note wiki data links to ourworldindata that pulls from Maddison and in table form KMT/WW2 data is not available and only pulling from closest data point 1938/1950 and naively extrapolating per capita. Because KMT data doesn't exist.

GDP isn’t just some arbitrary abstraction it’s the amount of goods and services produced by an economy.

At the low end of economic output starvation or the lack thereof is a strong indication of GDP. You do need to adjust for exports and imports but you don’t need to have a particularly deep insight into the economy beyond that.

Of course GDP is an arbitrary abstraction, it's literally derived from arbitrary systems of measurement, i.e. why soviet had mps system and west had sna, and each get to decide what to value and how much... arbitrarily... and even when they calculate, a lot of it is guestimate because no one has perfect or even good data, especially 80 years ago in developing countries.

> starvation or the lack thereof is a strong indication of GDP

No that's just an indicator that some cohort starved due to distribution failure. And to be blunt... that cohort was rural / peasants doing mostly subsistence agriculture tier production that do not count much towards GDP. An urban worker in industry can generate 10x GDP surplus than farmers in a commune.

Hence starvation (mostly in rural) has disproportionately less GDP weight vs urban worker productivity. An economy losing millions of peasants while still modernizing/industrializing can easily maintain higher total GDP than peaceful agrarian society. AKA CCP speed running first 5 year plan post WW2 raised the GDP floor so much that they can unalive 10s of millions of peasants and still have higher GDP vs pre/post war which, was incidentally also not peaceful agrarian society, but even messier interregnum shitshow with significantly shit state capacity than relatively unified postwar PRC under CCP. Republican Era KMT (during anarchy/civil war) simply couldn't organize fragmented China to be as productive as PRC under CCP, who can lose millions of peasants with marginal productivity of labour near zero and still do massively better in gdp/economic terms.

Between 1954 and 1959, China supplied 160,000 tons of tungsten ore, 110,000 tons of copper, 30,000 tons of antimony, and 90,000 tons of rubber to the Soviet Union. That’s how they repaid a loan not through industrial production because their economy wasn’t producing significant high value output from raw materials, they couldn’t even smelt ore efficiently.

Re-education camps don’t generate value. They didn’t have a surplus of urban workers instead Mow just destroyed the economy. Killing off the educated doctors etc isn’t a free action, it has negative consequences.

China literally had net migration out of cities, so no this wasn’t over investment in industry or a distribution issue this was just abject failure and total economic collapse. Total Anarchy would have been better for the economy than Mao.

Both the Soviet and Chinese first few five year plans accomplished the following:

1. Mass starvation at a few points due to central planning errors

2. Horrifying purges and paranoia that cannot be excused as "errors"

3. Achieving mass literacy and a partially industrial economy in a single generation, from a medeival starting point.

Most good Americans who paid attention in civics class learned 1 and 2 very well without truly appreciating 3.

You have to understand that they were coming from a peasant economy where nobody could even read. It's an accomplishment despite Mao's shortcomings and awful deeds. And look at the scoreboard today. Highest GDP by purchasing power parity in the world. Xiaomi cars are nicer than Teslas, only non-American tech industry, high speed rail, etc etc.

Your 3 is really conflating two different things.

There’s a long list of countries that industrialized more quickly without suffering such internal economic issues. The USSR and China suffered because of poor governance not industrialization.

Second, Mass literacy occurs via teaching kids. It has little to do with what the wider economy as seen by both modern and historic literacy rates.

It’s been 65 years since the Chinese famine, what actually fixed the country was economic reforms. MAO’s death helped but the system simply didn’t work so they tried something else.

Not only would total anarchy been worse for economy than Mao, you would struggle to find another developmental model that did as well as Mao. Especially the only comparable size peer, India who objectively did worse, under most developmental metrics.

Between 1954/ 1959 PRC exchanged material for capita goods and Soviet training speed run industrialization. AKA they were turning surplus rocks they couldn't process into machines so they can process non export into capita stock. You know, developing. This economic/history 101.

Mao even including GLF engineered one of the greatest most condensed human uplift effort. World Bank summary of CCP progress from postwar to 70s, i.e. under Mao noted how PRC, relative to developing pears was significantly more industrialized, like 40% vs low income avg 25% share of economy. With matching proxy indicators like 3x energy consumption per capita vs India, 2x literacy, 1/3 infant mortality rate. aka Mao speedrun PRC to middle income industrial levels - GLF one step back, 5 step forward success. State provided services were also assessed to be far more effective in meeting basic needs vs low income peers. Life expectancy 65yrs vs 50yrs (India) for low income... "outstandingly high" in WB remark. WB concludes CCP efforts by late 70s... again Mao's doing left "low-income groups far better off in terms of basic needs than their counterparts in most other poor countries"... "most remarkable achievement during the past three decades".

All the subsequent snowballing from Deng, not possible without Mao building a captive, mobile, diciplined rural workforce with high industrial experience, reeducating masses to be fungible workers for migrant economy.

In retrospect, GLF in fact, close to free action. Post WW2 PRC was so devoid of talent that Mao could depopulate cities and slap doctors around with trivial long term penalty option. Starting proper industrialization, mass mobilizing low end barefoot doctors alone out state capacities GLF/CR missteps and saved more lives than it bled. i.e. even in terms of mortality vs death averted, Mao comes out massively ahead. That +15 years above baseline life expectancy x 1000 billion new births is about ~200m lives worth. This not accounting averted deaths of countries who started similarly but did not poverty / malnutrition alleviate early enough, i.e. India generating GLF deaths every few years over decades. That averted another 200m deaths. Most of this attributed to Mao speedrunning nation building did actually solve famine after GLF via all the infra built. Something that historically every Chinese polity had to worry about.

Any leader who improved HDI for as much people in as short of a time as Mao would have been given a Nobel Economics Prize and Nobel Peace Prize. Fixating on spike of deaths at PRC scale is boring libtard innumeracy, i.e. ~4% which plenty of leaders of matched/exceeded. Not nice but completely valid to treat human resources as resource and trade for long term gains. Mao increased PRC industrial output by like 30x, from macro economic utilitarian, HDI trend line goes up, PRC brrrting growth, dead peasants and sad elites simply doesn't fucking matter, it's minor shock to overall system capacity which Mao built so much in so fast that it raised aggregate Chinese HDI above most peers even if it also broke a few millions of eggs.

GDP is an arbitrary abstraction: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imputed_rent

We could have simply not calculated imputed rent (or all of rents).

Even in a society of 1 person that person would prefer to live in a mud hut than outside getting rained on. Ignoring imputed rent ignores that value and therefore is objectively wrong.

In 1979, median income in China was $100 USD a year.

In 1979, median income in the US was $16,530 USD a year.

Not exactly an apples to apples comparison.

Did China really do it though? We can clearly see that China has achieved huge economic growth since Deng Xiaoping took control. But the specific numbers can't be attempted to be believed. Communist Party officials at every level heavily manipulate the official economic data to meet their annual goals and no independent auditing is allowed.

By pulling ten million people a year from farms into factories and ploughing 40% of GDP into infrastructure and education. Sounds like a sound analogy to me.

Yeah but China actively works in the best interest of their entire population.

Huh? No they don’t.

In what way? Bring some substance instead of a vague rebuttal

They're for those within the population that are willing to submit themselves to the whim of the state and whose prosperity in some way directly benefits the oligarchs that run the state.

Certainly, as just a few examples, they are not for the well-being of the Uyghar population or pro-democracy activists or journalists investigating human rights violation or supporters of Tibetan independence.

Oh and Covid, don’t forget Covid.

The population's best interest is to never get COVID

It's plausible 5-10 years from now. I believe the entire AI revenue in 2025 was like $50B. It's not going to 10x in a year or two.

So for that GDP gotta show growth of over 5% extra to other growth sources (so total yearly growth will be pretty high). I doubt this will materialise

I’m sorry, but 5% of GDP is an absurd figure. You’re saying $1 out of every $20 that does anything in our economy should be on AI? That seems insane to me.

No, GDP is not revenue, it's lower

You're saying that the entire increase in US GDP goes into the pockets of like 5 companies.

Or we’re seeing a world where corporations dwarf countries.

Apple will be around in a hundred years.

Will the USA?

Tech companies never last. Apple will miss a disruptive innovation or make a key strategic error causing them to lose their dominant spot. Look at the top tech companies 50 years ago: how are they doing today?

Is like the transition from monarchies to nation states.

By the 19th century, the rise of nation-states accelerated due to the spread of nationalism, the decline of feudal structures, and the unification of countries like Germany (1871) and Italy (1861). Centralized governments, uniform laws, national education systems, and a sense of collective identity became defining features. The French Revolution (1789) played a pivotal role by promoting citizenship, legal equality, and national sovereignty over dynastic rule

Maybe in 2300 they'll say something similar about nationalism

Yes!

The world is changing fast.

There is exactly 0.00% chance Apple will be around in 50 years let alone 100.

I love HN, you can't get stuff like this anywhere else, the DKE from posters here - you can't get it anywhere else!

The future is not looking bright at all....

I only have a meme to describe what we are facing https://imgur.com/a/xYbhzTj

As someone in the UK for whom that link is blocked, I wonder if that meme is doubly apt.

Children successfully protected. Nevermind the child groomers on Roblox.

I was expecting to see Mark Baum on the phone saying "hey, we're in a bubble".

> The future is not looking bright at all....

The tech industry going through a boom and settling back down at a higher place than before isn't the end of the world. They all start merging together soon.

I am more afraid if AI will actually deliver what CEOs are touting. People that are now working will be unemployable and will have to pivot to something else, overcrowding these other sectors and driving wages down.

If that comes to pass you will work the same or more for less money than now.

Basically jump back to a true plutocracy since only a few people will syphon the wealth generated by AI and that wealth will give them substantial temporal power.

This is basically just a standard cliche doomer prediction about any new development.

I mean, I just dont see any evidence of that happening. TBF I'm a SWE so I can only speak to that segment, but its literally worse than useless for working with anything software related thats non-trivial...

I see that sentiment here all the time and I don't understand what you must be doing; our projects are far from non trivial and we get a lot of benefit from it in the SWE teams. Our software infra was alway (almost 30 years) made to work well with outsourcing teams, so maybe that is it, but I cannot understand how you can have quite that bad results.

> our projects are far from non trivial

Well, there you go; as they say, it's okay for trivial stuff.

Butting in here but as I have the same sentiment as monkaiju: I'm working on a legacy (I can't emphasize this enough) Java 8 app that's doing all sorts of weird things with class loaders and dynamic entities which, among others, is holding it in Java 8. It has over ten years of development cruft all over it, code coverage of maybe 30-40% depending on when you measure it in the 6+ years I've been working with it.

This shit was legacy when I was a wee new hire.

Github Copilot has been great in getting that code coverage up marginally but ass otherwise. I could write you a litany of my grievances with it but the main one is how it keeps inventing methods when writing feature code. For example, in a given context, it might suggest `customer.getDeliveryAddress()` when it should be `customer.getOrderInfo().getDeliveryInfo().getDeliveryAddress()`. It's basically a dice roll if it will remember this the next time I need a delivery address (but perhaps no surprises there). I noticed if I needed a different address in the interim (like a billing address), it's more likely to get confused between getting a delivery address and a billing address. Sometimes it would even think the address is in the request arguments (so it would suggest something like `req.getParam('deliveryAddress')`) and this happens even when the request is properly typed!

I can't believe I'm saying this but IntelliSense is loads better at completing my code for me as I don't have to backtrack what it generated to correct it. I could type `CustomerAddress deliveryAddress = customer` let it hang there for a while and in a couple of seconds it would suggest to `.getOrderInfo()` and then `.getDeliveryInfo()` until we get to `.getDeliveryAddress()`. And it would get the right suggestions if I name the variable `billingAddress` too.

"Of course you have to provide it with the correct context/just use a larger context window" If I knew the exact context Copilot would need to generate working code, that eliminates more than half of what I need an AI copilot in this project for. Also if I have to add more than three or four class files as context for a given prompt, that's not really more convenient than figuring it out by myself.

Our AI guy recently suggested a tool that would take in the whole repository as context. Kind of like sourcebot---maybe it was sourcebot(?)---but the exact name escapes me atm. Because it failed. Either there were still too many tokens to process or, more likely, the project was too complex for it still. The thing with this project is although it's a monorepo, it still relies on a whole fleet of external services and libraries to do some things. Some of these services we have the source code for but most not so even in the best case "hunting for files to add in the context window" just becomes "hunting for repos to add in the context window". Scaling!

As an aside, I tried to greenfield some apps with LLMs. I asked Codex to develop a minimal single-page app for a simple internal lookup tool. I emphasized minimalism and code clarity in my prompt. I told it not to use external libraries and rely on standard web APIs.

What it spewed forth is the most polished single-page internal tool I have ever seen. It is, frankly, impressive. But it only managed to do so because it basically spat out the most common Bootstrap classes and recreated the W3Schools AJAX tutorial and put it all in one HTML file. I have no words and I don't know if I must scream. It would be interesting to see how token costs evolve over time for a 100% vibe-coded project.

Copilot is notoriously bad. Have you tried (paid plans) codex, Claude or even Gemini on your legacy project? That's the bare minimum before debating the usefulness of AI tools.

> Copilot is notoriously bad.

"notoriously bad" is news to me. I find no indication from online sources that would warrant the label "notoriously bad".

https://arxiv.org/html/2409.19922v1#S6 from 2024 concludes it has the highest success rate in easy and medium coding problems (with no clear winner for hard) and that it produces "slightly better runtime performance overall".

https://research.aimultiple.com/ai-coding-benchmark/ from 2025 has Copilot in a three-way tie for third above Gemini.

> Have you tried (paid plans) codex, Claude or even Gemini on your legacy project?

This is usually the part of the pitch where you tell me why I should even bother especially as one would require me to fork up cash upfront. Why will they succeed where Copilot has failed? I'm not asking anyone to do my homework for me on a legacy codebase that, in this conversation, only I can access---that's outright unfair. I'm just asking for a heuristic, a sign, that the grass might indeed be greener on that side. How could they (probably) improve my life? And no, "so that you pass the bare minimum to debate the usefulness of AI tools" is not the reason because, frankly, the less of these discussions I have, the better.

I'm saying this to help you. Whether you give it a shot makes no difference to me. This topic is being discussed endlessly everyday on all major platforms and for the past year or so the consensus is strongly against using copilot.

If you want to see if your project and your work can benefit from AI you must use codex, Claude code or Gemini (which wasn't a contender until recently).

> This topic is being discussed endlessly everyday on all major platforms and for the past year or so the consensus is strongly against using copilot.

So it would be easy to link me to something that shows this consensus, right? It would help me see what the "consensus" has to say about the known limitations of Copilot too. It would help me see the "why" that you seem allergic to even hint at.

Look, I'm trying to not be close-minded about LLMs hence why I'm taking time out of my Sunday to see what I might be missing. Hence my comment that I don't want to invest time/money in yet-another-LLM just for the "privilege" of debating the merits of LLMs in software engineering. If I'm to invest time/money in another coding LLM, I need a signal, a reason, to why it might be better than Copilot for helping me do my job. Either tell me where Copilot is lacking or where your "contenders" have the upper-hand. Why is it a "must" to use Codex/Claude/Gemini other than trustmebro?

What products and what models have you tried?

I couldn't tell you because I've kept it at arms length but over the last year our most enthusiastic "AI guy" (as well as another AI-user on the team) has churned through quite a few, usually saying something like "$NEW_MODEL is much better!" before littering garbage PRs all over the project.

There has never been an industry that does that consistently (that wasn't government subsidised at least).

We got lucky with the dotcom bubble.

There's no guarantee of anything, and it's totally possible for the industry to collapse and stay that way.

They got the current administration to ban state level regulation for them. Not to mention various defense contracts. They are government subsidized.

> I only have a meme to describe what we are facing https://imgur.com/a/xYbhzTj

I don't recognize that cartoon and there's no audio. I'm going to need help with that one.

Make sure you click the unmute button, imgur mutes by default it seems.

Smiling Friends

[dead]

> "must collect an extra $650 billion in revenue every year" paired with the idea that automating knowledge work can cause a short-term disruption in the economy doesn't seem logical to me.

I find it funny that Microsoft is scaling compute like crazy and their own products like Copilot are being dwarfed by the very models they wish to serve on that compute.

It tells you that 500 million people will be paying $60-$80/mo for AI. Something they find as indispensable as a cell phone or internet bill.

The numbers actually work really well, (un)fortunately.

I don't know how you can write down those numbers and come to the conclusion they sound reasonable at all. Corporations literally can't give this trash away for free without consumers being unhappy about it (eg. the Copilot malware infesting every aspect of Windows). ChatGPT had 800m MAU at one report, but that's a chat interface and free. Do you really believe over half of those users are going to convert from "free" to paying $60/mo for access to the chat interface, when all potential applications for actually improving their lives are failing badly? I think you are out of touch with the finances of non-tech-indsutry workers if you think they will.

> I don't know how you can write down those numbers and come to the conclusion they sound reasonable at all.

Half this board is in the most hyped echo chamber I’ve ever seen.

I don't know a single person in my (non-tech!) life that doesn't use AI, shy of toddlers and geriatric people.

The famous MIT study (95% of AI initiatives fail, remember that one?) actually found that pretty much every worker was using AI almost daily, but used their personal accounts (hence the corporate ones not being used).

If you are brand new to the tech world, and this is your first new product cycle, the way it works is that there is a free-cool-we're-awesomely-generous phase, and then when you are hooked and they are entrenched, the real price comes to fruition. See...pretty much every tech start-up burning runway cash.

Right now they are getting us hooked, and like the dumbasses consumers are, they will become totally dependent and think it will stay this cheap.

I use AI frequently. I am frequently let down. Occasionally satisfied and very rarely impressed. My results seem typical for everyone else I know. It's a free and widely promoted tool that has the potential to be useful, of course people will use it. The features I find most useful, is not providing me new knowledge. It's formalizing something I wrote or summarizing some other text, that I am going to read anyway or can at least reference as needed and confirm the output. This is also where the local models Excel.

I also often see people post AI generated advice and answers that are simply incorrect in Facebook groups and get roasted with 100s of people chiming in on how you can trust ChatGPT.

I just can't see regular people are going to pay more than (NetFlix + HBO + Prime + WM+) for an AI subscription. I think you would see tons of competitors pop up if that were at all viable.

"If you are brand new to the tech world, and this is your first new product cycle, the way it works is that there is a free-cool-we're-awesomely-generous phase, and then when you are hooked and they are entrenched, the real price comes to fruition. See...pretty much every tech start-up burning runway cash."

That has indeed been the strategy, but it's not like it always or even usually works out. We've seen plenty of companies that try to raise their prices and people aren't hooked. (Though I am almost certain in this case at least professionals if not the general public will indeed be hooked.)

If you really don't know a single such person, you live in a very odd bubble. I know lots of people who used ChatGPT a lot when it first came out, found it funny and occasionally useful, then changed their mind to just finding it funny occasionally, and then eventually stopped because it wasn't that useful and was no longer funny.

None of them ever considered getting a paid account, nor would they have. I'm not saying nobody will, but if you actually don't know any such people then there is something unusual about the crowd you run with.

> actually found that pretty much every worker was using AI almost daily

What they found is that people search the Internet for things and an AI bot is right there. What they didn't find is people using Vibe coded apps, learning from AI or buying AI services. They did find companies buying AI services, but as an experiment. Also, blaming AI is easy when someone messes up and costs a customer or sale. The more that happens, the sooner the company stops experimenting. If that happens in a widespread way, then this bubble collapses.

You sound very naive.

A good way to think about it is that ChatGPT is well on its way to becoming a verb like Google did. Doesn't roll off the tongue as easily but in terms of brand awareness it feels ubiquitous.

> ChatGPT had 800m MAU at one report, but that's a chat interface and free. Do you really believe over half of those users are going to convert from "free" to paying $60/mo for access to the chat

Even if these things worked great for everyone, the percent of free uses who convert to paid users is low single digits per cent. For OpenAI to have any chance of breaking even in the consumer space, they need to develop an ad biz that makes around 20-25% of G does. That's a tall order in that G doesn't make good dough from search anymore as SERP page clicks are down 80% with AI summaries being good enough for most.

And let's not forget that for the bubble to sustain itself, people would currently use different LLMs would need to create a separate account in each one. There's absolutely no way most people will be paying more than one LLM unless they have a lot of disposable income.

No, they won't be. Inference costs will continue to drop, and subscription prices will follow as AI is increasingly commoditized. There are 6 different providers in the top 10 models on openrouter. In a commoditized market, there will be no $60/month subscriptions.

500,000,000*80=40,000,000,000 40,000,000,000/650,000,000,000=0.06

If I understood you correctly and my math is correct, your suggestions only cover 6% of 650 billion, the news is suggesting AI companies need more than 10x more. So either it's 5 billion people paying 60-80, or 500 million people paying 600-800/month, or something in between + a little extra.

The payback period would be 5-10 years at those prices($60-$80/mo), which is pretty normal.

Isn't the 650 billion required per year, so the monthly cost is automatically 12x

fair enough, but the consumer is already stretched. So where is this $60-80 per month X 500MM consumers coming from?

Consumer spending is strong and growing, don't listen to dregs milking upvotes on the internet, people will easily come up with 4-5 hours of minimum wage pay in a month to cover the cost of the thing they use many times a day.

I don't use AI for anything in my private life, only at work. And I can't really imagine what it could do for me. In no scenario am I paying a monthly subscription for it.

I know someone who doesn't have a smart phone

I don’t know how this can be true when almost everyone I know is struggling right now

Two tier economy

Wait how? Show your work. I still see at least a $600bn gap.

> Something they find as indispensable as a cell phone or internet bill.

Source?

Why not reply than just downvote? Seems cowardly.

If 1 or 2 of the 5 big spenders starts having big losses, things will be interesting. Their market caps will be a fraction of the current overinflated values.

Meanwhile Apple is only spending 1 billion a year to use Google's models.

It sounds about right. Coffee's global revenue is $500b/yr. I can totally imagine AI brings twice or more than that.

That's not unreasonable, but if you can't do it without losing money then there's going be a problem.

The problem isn't that AI/LLMs can't be useful or generate revenue, the problem is still the cost. We're no where near production ready AI, it can sort of do coding and some medical stuff, but we're not at a level of technology where the potential is fully realized. How much are investors willing to pour into more research?

We looking at OpenAI contemplating ads and erotic chatbots. That's not a successful business who have those ideas for profit generation.

Revenue is pointless without eventual profit.

The question is, how much are they willing to pay for the kind of surveillance and control that they hope this data processing will get them?

The economics are not all in profit.

It's crazy to me how many flags are being thrown in this investment spree. Repeating the same mistakes as before (2000). Big companies will be hit hard when they can't show for what they spent shareholders money on. The run will be large and impactful.

If you analyze what's happening right now in the tech industry, you can't help but to think of something deeper than what's being talked about in plain sight. There is a clear panic amongst the large tech firms. the root cause of the panic is still unclear, simply saying these companies want to be the first in this new revolution isn't enough to draw conclusion. Amongst the top tech firms there still sits the original founders whom as we all know changed the way we live life today. Saying they are misunderstanding what's happening right now and they're are foolish, is to simple of an understatement. They of all people in the world would know it's a bad idea to go all in, in this manner. The underlying competing nature of this whether it has to do with China or other competing markets are not being talked about, and not just that " what exactly is the strategy here?"

> They of all people in the world would know it's a bad idea to go all in, in this manner.

Or this kind of financial crash is exactly what they want. If they can drive the markets to failure, only the largest companies can hold on - and acquire more of the failing companies in the process.

Day-by-day it seeming this way. They seem to want to flush out the remaining competitors. dedicators are old news, umbrella corporation(tm) is the new form of totalitarian/authoritarianism.

> Repeating the same mistakes as before (2000).

The issue is that every company in a position to do so is trying to stake a claim in a new market. Not every company will win. No-one has a surefire way of identifying "mistakes" ahead of time.

What alternative do you think would work better, short of central planning?

Interest rates have been comically low for way too long. This alone would change a lot, favoring labor over capital and more sustainable growth.

Had been**. Still low, but we aren't laughing anymore. https://www.macrotrends.net/2015/fed-funds-rate-historical-c...

Do high interest rates not, by definition, favor capital over labor?

I run the numbers on hyperscaler AI capex and the math is not going to work out.

With these assumptions:

– Big 4 keep spending at current pace for 3 more years

– Returns only start showing after aprox 2 years

– Heavy competition with around 20% operating margin on AI and Cloud

– Use of 9% cost of capital

This is the current reality:

AWS aprox $142B/yr

Azure aprox $132B/yr

Google Cloud around $71B/yr

Combined its about $330B to $340B annual cloud revenue today

And lets says Global public cloud market of $700B total today.

To justify the current capex trajectory under those assumptions, by year 3 the big hyperscalers would need roughly $800B to $900B in new annual revenue just to earn a normal return on the capital being deployed.

That implies combined hyperscaler cloud and AI revenue going from: $330B today to $1.2T within 3 years :-))

In other words...Cloud would need to roughly do 4× in a very short window, and the incremental revenue alone would exceed the entire current global cloud market.

So for the investment wave to make financial sense, at least one of these must be true:

1 Cloud/AI spending globally explodes far beyond all prior forecasts

2 AI massively increases revenue/profit in ads, software, commerce and not just cloud

3 A winner takes all outcome where only 1 or 2 players earn real returns

4 Or a large share of this capex never earns an economic return and is defensive

People keep modeling this like normal cloud growth. But what we have is insanity

Azure revenue is growing at 39% year over year. If Microsoft can sustain this growth, in four years Azure will be ~3.73x its current size. This is of course very difficult, but you really don’t need a deus ex machina to hit 4x growth under your assumptions.

The issue in the late-90s was all the investment created a lot of real revenue for telecoms and other companies. Even though there were a lot of shenanigans with revenue, a lot of real money was spent on fiber and tech generally.

But the real money was investment that didn’t see a return for the investor. The investments needed to have higher final consumption (such as through better productivity or through displacing other costs) to pay back the investment.

> That implies combined hyperscaler cloud and AI revenue going from: $330B today to $1.2T within 3 years :-))

You’re ignoring the fact that gaming is going to the cloud.

That industry is bigger than Hollywood.

Desktop computers will invariably follow.

The RAM shortage will drive the transition.

For instance, my wife uses her personal laptop about four days a year.

People like that won’t be buying personal desktops or laptops, five years from now. The RAM shortage will drive a transition into thin clients.

I already see it with our kids. They use an iPhone, unless they need to type. Then they use an iPad with a BT keyboard.

Cloud gaming is crap and any actual gamer will tell you that. The niche of gamers casual enough to not care about playing over network latency but serious enough to pay real money for cloud gaming is microscopic.

>The niche of gamers casual enough to not care about playing over network latency

In the saddest way possible, the niche of gamers are people playing on desktops with ethernet connections.

The majority of gamers are buying booster packs on mobile games.

Yes, but that majority doesn't need cloud gaming precisely because those games run just fine on their phone - there's no benefit in putting them in the cloud, that was supposed to be for fancy stuff where you need a beefy GPU for the eye candy.

It's not 2023 anymore. Have you tried cloud gaming in 2026? I can barely tell it's connected to the cloud.

Yes, it's amazing because it's streaming directly from a computer in the room behind me. :)

And the increases in network speed are one of the last bastions of Moores Law.

> nd the increases in network speed are one of the last bastions of Moores Law.

Throughput has increased but latency hasn’t changed much

Latency hasn’t decreased substantially since the late 90s when I remember getting sub 50 ms ping in Quake III from my dorm room in college

I'm not surprised; you need a lot more servers and even so, there are a lot of places where something low ping times is difficult. While there is a lot of room for latency to go down, 1 lightmillisecond is ~300 km (~186 mi). This means that if a computer is 150 km away, 1 ms is the minimum ping allowed by physics, if I am talking directly to it.

By that yardstick, we've actually done very well in a lot of cases. :)

Speed of light doesn't adhere to Moore's law :) and it's made worse by the fact most everyone connects via WiFi these days and it alone adds a few ms more.

The RAM shortage is extremely temporary. It’ll last as long as it takes for new capacity to come online. RAM shortages and price spikes have happened many times before.

Eventually China will catch up in EUV fabrication and flood the market with cheap silicon. When that happens a terabyte of RAM will cost what 128gb costs now.

That may be true, but all of this can be done today without the massive capex and without “AI”.

What amount of the gaming industry do you think will go to AI providers and not game developers?

You think we'll replace gaming and desktop computers into the cloud in the timeline of the poster above (2-4 years?)

Just not realistic.

Even if gaming goes to the cloud, how are they going to run the massive existing library of video games on the dedicated AI inference hardware that everyone is buying right now? Seems like that pivot would require even more spending.

And how are they going to get sub-5ms round trip latency into the average consumer’s home to avoid people continuing to see cloud gaming as a janky gimmick that feels bad to use?

On the other hand many who work on AI refer to it as 'building God' so all things taken together, it's all reasonable.

God was a dream of good government

I read "Devil Take the Hindmost: A History of Financial Speculation" last year, and the current AI bubble is like getting a front row seat to the next edition being written.

The really stupid bubbles end up getting themselves metastasized into the public retirement system, I'm just waiting for that to start any day now.

> The really stupid bubbles end up getting themselves metastasized into the public retirement system, I'm just waiting for that to start any day now.

Not sure what you mean exactly but every single 401k is tied into this.

> That pretty much tells you how this will end, right there.

It seems so blatantly obvious, yet nobody wants to listen, and practically everyone knows better. We live in interesting times.

The question is not "is it a bubble". Bubbles are a desirable feature of the American experiment. The question is "will this bubble lay the foundation for growth and destroy some value when it pops, or will it only destroy value"

https://www.oaktreecapital.com/insights/memo/is-it-a-bubble

Pretty good article until the bizarre post-script where they fall back on the tired "people derive meaning from their work" for why UBI is bad.

Meaning or not, UBI doesn't work because the math doesn't work.

> bizarre

It isn't bizarre at all. Without work people devolve into playing video games and smoking pot in their mom's basement.

I remember summer vacations from school. It was great for a while, but soon I was looking forward to getting back to school.

I have been off work for over 6 months now. I have been doing so many projects, and exploring so many places, working out, eating healthy, learning, and spending very little money doing so. I actually even quit smoking pot after doing it daily for 10 years. It's been amazing, and I'd rather never go back to work. I don't get how people can get so bored. There's so much to do and see.

From my lived experience you are an outlier. Potentially an extreme one at that.

Where I grew up the people who didn’t work almost universally turned into consumers of everything and creators of basically nothing. The exceptions were retirees who had a lifetime if work experience prior to their idle years. For those folks it was gardening and other similar hobbies that provided meaning but not much output for society as a whole.

I think if you offered the entire population the ability to do no work other than what they felt like doing, exceedingly few people would be motivated to do the needful. A few more would be motivated to do things like create art and otherwise contribute back to other people but I am thinking along the lines of the 80/20 rule here.

I think our future if we ever figured out automation and UBI looks a lot like Wall-E vs some sort of utopia. In fact I believe that sort of setup is as close to a utopian society as I can imagine being realistic.

I did apartment maintenance for a place where about half the recipients had paid for rent, utilities, and bare necessities provided by the government. It was easy to play the odds and know which apartment was which the moment you stepped foot into one. It’s not a perfect correlation to what UBI would look like for many reasons, but it’s closer than the average upper middle class suburbanite imagines people will act like if given the opportunity.

Best wishes to you! I'm retired myself, but I work full time (on D). Yale is hosting a symposium on D in April, and I'll be a speaker at it.

> Best wishes to you! I'm retired myself, but I work full time (on D).

Why aren’t you smoking pot in your basement?

I don't like being high.

What projects? You are starting from a completely different baseline than the average hypothetical UBI recipient.

I think UBI advocates may have a point once you're 2-3 generations into some sort of UBI system. But bootstrapping that system is not possible, most people will revert to do nothing of value to society, no projects, nothing.

I generally agree, but I think for some of the most interesting problems in computer science you need resources that only companies can provide and thats basically work.

After free UNIX and Linux became available on affordable home computers, I found it was no longer necessary to be at a company to do interesting projects. That was before 1995.

> Without work people devolve into playing video games and smoking pot in their mom's basement.

I have no problem finding fulfilling and meaningful projects outside of my work! There are many people like me :)

> There are many people like me

I'm sure there are. Doesn't mean most people are like that. Consider retirees. Some find meaningful activities, many just rot away out of not having a purpose.

What percentage of people currently living off of welfare are doing meaningful work?

> What percentage of people currently living off of welfare are doing meaningful work?

Do you have that number? Do you have any numbers to back up your claims or are you just talking about what works for you?

According to google: "Some reports indicate that 26.8% to 28.6% of households on welfare have earned income, which sometimes reflects a focus on households with no work-eligible adults (elderly, disabled)."

This is human nature, most of humans will revert to a baseline of doing the bare minimum to survive. The rest cannot support that system.

Do you do the bare minimum to survive, or do you have excess money left after paying rent and groceries?

According to google, "approximately 57% to 67% of American adults are living paycheck to paycheck."

This doesn't mean they are poor. As their income goes up, so does their spending.

Also according to google, "Approximately 60% to 80% of professional athletes face severe financial distress or go broke within a few years of retirement, particularly in the NFL and NBA. Data suggests 78% of NFL players experience financial hardship within two years of retirement, while about 60% of NBA players are broke within five years."

and:

"though often debated, statistic suggests that up to 70% of lottery winners go broke or face financial distress within three to five years, more conservative estimates indicate about one-third (roughly 33%) declare bankruptcy."

Personally, I think that high schools should have a required course in finance and accounting.

> What percentage of people currently living off of welfare are doing meaningful work?

Most of them, since the vast majority of "welfare" programs exclusively assist people who are in work.

Always such glowing recommendations of human kind from techies.

People devolve like that when they have no purpose or opportunities. Which I’m sure would happen with the real goal of UBI: barely subsistence support in order to grow a larger pool of reserve labor while the rich (who are not degenerate at all[1]) live large.

[1] https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=46929869

America offers a free education for all. People are free to move to anyplace in the country. Historically, people migrated to where the opportunities were. Americans are free to start a business any time.

Purpose, though, comes from within.

It's universal basic income, not universal extensive income. If someone is a minimal drain on society, so what? We have lots of stuff.

> Without work people devolve into playing video games and smoking pot in their mom's basement.

Skill issue

Your anecdote is not compliant with reality. Every test of UBI so far shows that people continue to work.

There’s no way to test UBI without implementing it fully. Any experiment that gives people a no-strings-attached stipend isn’t accounting for the fact that the money has a negligible impact on the economy and produces no meaningful change in the workforce. Plus, all of these experiments are time-bound. Participants know the payments will stop.

I also get the feeling that such experiments just prove that giving people money makes them happier. But there’s nothing to account for the fact that prices in the market haven’t changed, the tax structure hasn’t changed, and no goods or services experienced any shortages.

> Every test of UBI so far shows that people continue to work.

I'm not aware of any realistic UBI tests. Could you point me to any?

The ones I'm aware of were either or both:

1. Time limited, so participants were aware that they needed to still have a job or at least be employable after the experiment has concluded.

2. Were funded externally, so participants only reaped the benefits of UBI but didn't incur the drawbacks (i.e. didn't have to fund the program by much higher income taxes) which could have discourage them from working.

It was basically a supplementary source of income - money for nothing for a limited time period, not an actual UBI program.

A test of UBI is not UBI. It's not possible to show how UBI works in a isolated test.

I suspect it was because the UBI wasn't enough to live on.

So you believe that the entire driving factor of the consumer goods market would mysteriously disappear if people had enough money to not worry about missing rent?

Rent is defined as unearned income attracted by a dominant market position. If we wanted people to afford rent it'd be more efficient to set rent to zero by fiat.

I agree, but UBI is far more likely to come to fruition than eliminating the majority of the US's largest asset-based speculative market.

>Without work people devolve into playing video games and smoking pot in their mom's basement.

Some people might, others wouldn't. Not everyone is a pot-smoking teenager.

People like ice cream, too. But not everyone.

Yup, there are adults and alcohol too.

Hard working billionaires famous for succesdully working devolved into abuse island, real saltiness over anyone saying sexual harrasment is wrong and basically conspiracy to end democracy.

UBI guy playing games in moms basement comes accross as harmless in comparison.

UBI doesn’t mean people don’t work. It means work is partially decoupled from basic needs.

People would work for two reasons. One is to make extra money and afford a lifestyle beyond what UBI provides. The second is to… do things that are meaningful. If people derive meaning from work then that’s why they’ll work.

Some people will just sit around on UBI. Those are the same people who sit around today on welfare or dead end bullshit jobs that don’t really produce much value.

I’m not totally sold on UBI but there’s a lot of shallow bad arguments against it that are pretty easy to dismiss.

governments will collapse before we are at a moment where UBI is needed. Billionaires and companies hardly pay any tax and if white collar jobs die down, there is no guarantee that government will even have money to wipe their butt.

What can we use fields of GPUs for next?

Whatever happened to crypto/blockchain ASICs

Nothing happened to them, they're still around; just consolidated into industrial operations.

The "twist" is they rot as e-waste every 18 months when newer models arrive, generating roughly 30,000 metric tonnes of eWaste annually[0] with no recycling programmes from manufacturers (like Bitmain)... which is comparable to the entire country of the Netherlands.

Turns out the decentralised currency for the people is also an environmental disaster built on planned obsolescence. Who knew.

[0]: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S09213...

> urns out the decentralised currency for the people is also an environmental disaster built on planned obsolescence. Who knew.

Only proof of work systems, such as Bitcoin. Proof of stake such as Ethereum is a lot less energy intensive

ethereum has a similar ewaste problem

> ethereum has a similar ewaste problem

Is it any worse now than say, the NYSE ?

This reference says energy usage was 0.0026 TWh (2.6 GWh, or 2600 MWh) in a year

https://ethereum.org/energy-consumption

If the power was used over the whole year (and not just one hour)

(2600 MWh / year) / (24 * 365 h/year) = 0.29 MWh = 296 kWh. Thats like hair dryer levels of power consumption (if the hair dryver was left on all the time)

Why are you even trying to argue energy consumption when the topic is eWaste due to bitcoin ASICs?

Even if we continue down this route, its something like 15% of global stock transactions going through NYSE, per transaction its extremely efficient when compared to Ethereum; but thats not the argument anyway- its that the hardware used for mining is barely useful outside of that use-case, and the shelf-life is very low to boot.

If there was a use-case, we’d have found it by now, since 30,000 Tonnes a year of it ends up in landfills, surely someone would dig it out or buy it if it had utility.

AI, obviously! A bubble doesn't mean demand vanishes overnight. There is - at current price points - much more demand than supply. That means the market can tolerate price hikes whilst keeping the accelerators busy. It seems likely that we're still just at the start of AI demand as most companies are still finding their feet with it, lots of devs still aren't using it at all, lots of business workflows that could be automated with it aren't and so on. So there is scope for raising prices a lot as the high value use cases float to the top, maybe even auctioning tokens.

Let's say tomorrow OpenAI and Anthropic have a huge down round, or whatever event people think would mark the end of the bubble. That doesn't mean suddenly nobody is using AI. It means they have to rapidly reduce burn e.g. not doing new model versions, laying off staff and reducing the comp of those that remain, hiking prices a lot, getting more serious about ads and other monetized features. They will still be selling plenty of inferencing.

In practice the action is mostly taking place out of public markets. We won't necessarily know what's happening at the most exposed companies until it's in the rear view mirror. Bubbles are a public markets phenomenon. See how "ride sharing"/taxi apps played out. Market dumping for long periods to buy market share, followed by a relatively easy transition to annual profitability without ever going public. Some investors probably got wiped along the way but we don't know who exactly or by how much.

Most likely outcome: AI bubble will deflate steadily rather than suddenly burst. Resources are diverted from training to inferencing, new features slow down, new models are weaker and more expensive than new models and the old models are turned off anyway. That sort of thing. People will call it enshittification but it'll really just be the end of aggressive dumping.

There may not be that much demand at a price that yields profit. Demand at current heavily subsidized “the first dose is always free” prices is not a great indicator unless they find some way to make themselves indispensable for a lot of tasks for a lot of people. So far, they haven’t.

Yes if/when prices rise there'll be demand destruction but I think demand will keep rising for the foreseeable future anyway even incorporating that. Lower value use cases like vibe coding hobby apps might fall by the wayside because they become uneconomic but the tokens will be soaked up by bigger enterprises that have found ways to properly integrate it at scale into their businesses. I don't mean Copilot style Office plugins but more business-specific stuff that yields competitive advantage.

You’re just repeating their predictions. Investors are starting to get nervous that there’s no real proof these things could justify burning a Mt. Everest sized pile of $100 bills to achieve.

Yes it's only a prediction based on what I'm seeing. And I'm not disagreeing with the investors that there's overinvestment right now. Prices need to rise, spending on R&D needs to fall for this stuff to make economic sense. I'm only arguing that there's plenty of demand, and assuming price rises happen smoothly over not too short of a period, any demand destruction at the lower levels will be quickly counter-balanced by demand creation at higher value-add levels.

It's also possible non-tech industries just have a collective imagination failure and can't find use cases for AI, but I doubt it.

I know there is demand — I even know a few people in high-level dev roles, one easily in the 99th percentile for pay, that were taken from their regular, important dev tasks to make agents for paying clients.

I’m not worried about the technology flourishing. I’m worried about my fucking retirement, know what I mean? The question isn’t whether there is demand, it’s how much demand there is, because they’re betting on having all the demand. I don’t have a ton of money. People getting this wrong in a way my financial advisor can’t outmaneuver is an existential threat to my ability to not live in crumbling public housing in a few decades.

We’re talking about this needing to meaningfully move towards making whole digit percentages of the US GDP, soon. Not only are these initiatives largely unprofitable, they’re increasing their expenses based on hopes and vibes. I think a whole lot of people are so focused on short-term gains and being king of the hill that sustainability is a distant afterthought — just like it was in the .com era. I have zero faith in the current cohort of tech leaders to get this right.

I find myseld using dumber free models more as they reply instantly and keep me learning.

Some local models run well already too and do the job. Not sure if i would pay any money when a discarded mac can run these just fine already.

This may turn out like trying to make people game over streaming.

"much more demand than supply"? Demand from who?

The demand from middle managers trying to replace their dev teams with Claude Code, mainly.

Please respect other users of hacker news and don’t generate your replies with LLM

FWIW, GP doesn't look like clanker speak to me. It's a bit too smooth and on-point for that.

I never use LLMs to write for me (except code).

Sorry for the false acquisition. Your reply, and your other replies all felt suspicious to me.

Anyone who regularly tries to rent GPUs on VPS providers knows that they often sell out. This isn't a market with lots of capacity nobody needs. In the dot.com bubble there was lots of dark fiber nobody was using. In this bubble, almost every high-end GPU is being used fully by someone.

Heating!

Can they run Crysis?

Ironically, no

We can use the GPUs for research (64-bit scientific compute), 3d graphics, a few other things. We programmers will reconfigure them to something useful.

At least, the GPUs that are currently plugged in. A lot of this bullshit bubble crap is because most of those GPUs (and RAM) is sitting unplugged in a warehouse, because we don't even have enough power to turn all of them on.

So if your question is how to use a GPU... I got plenty of useful non-AI related ideas. But only if we can plug them in.

I wouldn't be surprised if many of those GPUs are just e-waste, never to turn on due to lack of power.

> I wouldn't be surprised if many of those GPUs are just e-waste, never to turn on due to lack of power.

That's my fear.

The problem is these GPUs are specifically made for datacenters, So it's not like your average consumer is going to grab one to put into their gaming PCs.

I also worry about what the pop ends up doing to consumer electronics. We'll have a bunch of manufacturers that have a bunch of capacity that they can no longer use to create products which people want to buy and a huge backstop of second hand goods that these liquidated AI companies will want to unload. That will put chip manufactures in a place where they'll need to get their money primarily from consumers if they want to stay in business. That's not the business model that they've operated on up until this point.

We are looking at a situation where we have a bunch of oil derricks ready to pump, but shut off because it's too expensive to run the equipment making it not worth the energy.

That's fine. Server is where we programmers are best at repurposing things. Just a bunch of always on boxes doing random crap in the background.

Servers can (and do!!) use 10+ year old hardware. Consumers are kind of the weird the ones who are so impatient they need the latest and greatest.

> 3d graphics

Seems like the G in GPU is very obsolete now:

https://www.tomshardware.com/news/nvidia-h100-benchmarkedin-...

> As it turns out Nvidia's H100, a card that costs over $30,000 performs worse than integrated GPUs in such benchmarks as 3DMark and Red Dead Redemption 2

I predict there's going to be a niche opening up for companies to recycle the expensive parts of all these compute hardware that AI companies are currently buying and will probably be obsolete/depreciated/replaced in the next 2-5 years. The easiest example is RAM chips. There will be people desoldering those ICs and putting them on DDR5 sticks to resell to the general consumer market.

These AI optimized GPUs are criminally bad at 64bit, so no you won't use them for that.

It’ll be interesting to see what people come up with to get conventional scientific computing workloads to work on 16 bit or smaller data types. I think there’s some hope but it will require work.

The government is going to use them.

The flock cameras are going to be fed into them.

The bitcoin network will be crashed.

A technological arms race just occurred in front of your eyes for the past 5 years and you think they're going to let the stockpile fall into civilian hands?

In 2 years the next generation chips will be released and th se chips will be obsolete.

That's truly e-waste. Now in practice, we programmers find uses of 10+ year old hardware as cheap webhosta, compiler/build boxes, Bamboo, unit tests, fuzzers and whatever. So as long as we can turn them on we programmers can and will find a use.

But because we are power constrained, when the more efficient 1.8nm or 1.5nm chips get released (and when those chips use 30% or less power), no one will give a shit about the obsolete stockpile.

I assume even really out of date cards and racks will readily find some use, when the present-day alternative costs ~$100k for a single card. Just have to run them on a low-enough basis that power use is not a significant portion of the overall cost of ownership.

> will be obsolete.

In what sense? Not competitive for chat bot providers to use? Is that a metric that matters?

> when the more efficient 1.8nm or 1.5nm chips get released

What if they don't get released? You don't have a broad and competitive set of players providing products in this realm. How hard would it be to stop this?

> no one will give a shit about the obsolete stockpile.

You have lived your life with ready access to cutting edge resources. You ever wonder how long that trend could _possibly_ last?

cloud gaming?

It’s too bad they’re all concentrated in buildings, having been hovered up by the billionaire class.

I would love to live in the world where everyone joins a pool for inference or training, and as such gets the open source weights and models for free.

We could call it: FOSS

> Bubbles are a desirable feature of the American experiment.

No they're not. You don't get to decide what other people desire.

> Bubbles are a desirable feature of the American experiment

Wild speculation detached from reality which destroys personal fortunes are not "a desirable feature."

It's only a "desirable feature" to the nihilistic maniacs that run the markets as it's only beneficial to them.

> Wild speculation detached from reality which destroys personal fortunes are not "a desirable feature."

This is not the definition of a bubble, and is specifically contrary to what i said.

A good bubble, like the automobile industry in the example I linked, paves the way for a whole new economic modalit - but value was still destroyed when that bubble popped and the market corrected.

You may think its better to not have bubbles and limit the maximum economic rate of change (and you may be right), but the current system is not obviously wrong and has benefits.

The trouble is, you can only tell what was "detached from reality" after the fact. Real-world bubbles must be credible by definition, or else they would deflate smoothly rather than growing out of control and then popping suddenly when the original expectations are dashed by reality.

> It's only a "desirable feature" to the nihilistic maniacs that run the markets as it's only beneficial to them.

... and which forces do you think are the core concept of "the American experiment"?

> JPMorgan calculated last fall that the tech industry must collect an extra $650 billion in revenue every year

If you take half the software engineers in the US and replace them with AI, you're halfway there. And why stop with software?

There's a reason for the fervor and excitement of these companies.

The positive outlook is that you don't fire folks - they have even more work to do. But we'll see how it pans out in practice.

But who's going to be buying any of these products if everyone is out of a job? Other rich people?

Sure I assume there's a good market there, luxury yachts exist after all, but what is a company like Netflix going to do when people are too poor to even afford the streaming services that cost 10 bucks a month?

Not to get conspiratorial, but the only logical thing for me here is that They want as many of the plebs dead as possible so that the remainder of us are beholden to them and their money, once they own all the AI factories.

It's hard to comprehend the scale of these investments. Comparing them to notable industrial projects, it's almost unbelievable.

Every week in 2026 Google will pay for the cost of a Burj Khalifa. Amazon for a Wembley Stadium.

Facebook will spend a France-England tunnel every month.

I have been having this conversation more and more with friends. As a research topic, modern AI is a miracle, and I absolutely love learning about it. As an economic endeavor, it just feels insane. How many hospitals, roads, houses, machine shops, biomanufacturing facilities, parks, forests, laboratories, etc. could we build with the money we’re spending on pretraining models that we throw away next quarter?

I have to admit I'm flip-flopping on the topic, back and forth from skeptic to scared enthusiast.

I just made a LLM recreate a decent approximation of the file system browser from the movie Hackers (similar to the SGI one from Jurassic park) in about 10 minutes. At work I've had it do useful features and bug fixes daily for a solid week.

Something happened around newyears 2026. The clients, the skills, the mcps, the tools and models reached some new level of usefulness. Or maybe I've been lucky for a week.

If it can do things like what I saw last week reliably, then every tool, widget, utility and library currently making money for a single dev or small team of devs is about to get eaten. Maybe even applications like jira, slack, or even salesforce or SAP can be made in-house by even small companies. "Make me a basic CRM".

Just a few months ago I found it mostly frustrating to use LLM's and I thought the whole thing was little more than a slight improvement over googling info for myself. But the past week has been mind-blowing.

Is it the beginning of the star trek ship computer? If so, it is as big as the smartphone, the internet, or even the invention of the microchip. And then the investments make sense in a way.

The problem might end up being that the value created by LLMs will have no customers when everyone is unemployed.

Yeah I’m having a similar experience. I’ve been wanting a standard test suite for JMAP email servers, so we can make sure all created jmap servers implement the (somewhat complex) spec in a consistent manner. I spent a single day prompting Claude code on Friday, and walked away with about 9000 lines of code, containing 300 unit tests for jmap servers. And a web interface showing the results. It would have taken me at least a week or two to make something similar by hand.

There’s some quality issues - I think some of the tests are slightly wrong. We went back and forth on some ambiguities Claude found in the spec, and how we should actually interpret what the jmap spec is asking. But after just a day, it’s nearly there. And it’s already very useful to see where existing implementations diverge on their output, even if the tests are sometimes not correctly identifying which implementation is wrong. Some of the test failures are 100% correct - it found real bugs in production implementations.

Using an AI to do weeks of work in a single day is the biggest change in what software development looks like that I’ve seen in my 30+ year career. I don’t know why I would hire a junior developer to write code any more. (But I would hire someone who was smart enough to wrangle the AI). I just don’t know how long “ai prompter” will remain a valuable skill. The AIs are getting much better at operating independently. It won’t be long before us humans aren’t needed to babysit them.

So what'd your prompt look like, out of curiosity? I hear about all these things that sound quite impressive, but no one ever seems to want share any info on the prompts to learn or gain insight from.

It was nothing special. I can't seem to pull up the initial prompt, but it was something like this:

> Build a thorough test suite for JMAP in this directory. The test suite will be run against multiple JMAP servers, to ensure each server implements the JMAP spec consistently and correctly. In this directory are two files - rfc8620.txt and rfc8621.txt. These files containing the JMAP core and JMAP email specs. Read these files. Then make a list of all aspects of the specifications. For each, create a set of tests which thoroughly tests all aspects of a JMAP server's behaviour specified by the RFCs, including error behaviour. The test suite should be configurable to point at a jmap server & email account. The account will contain an empty mailbox (error if its not empty). The test suite starts by adding a known set of test emails to the account, then run your tests and clear the inbox again. Write the test suite in typescript. The test runner should output the report into a JSON file. Start with a project plan.

If you haven't tried claude code or openai's codex, just dive in there and give it a go. Writing a prompt isn't rocket science. Just succinctly say the same things you'd say to a very competent junior engineer when you want to brief them on some work.

Was this written by llm?

No.

Sorry just asking. I used to review CVs part time. It used to be pretty clear who was embellishing their CV with AI and who was not. There was also a writing style that came with using AI.

My spider sense is tingling!

:( I get this from time to time, where people think my writing is at least partially AI generated. I wonder if it’s worth trying to change my writing style to avoid the stigma. If I hand wrote a CV, it would suck to be dumped in with AI generated slop. More small pithy sentences? or throw in some spelling and grammar mistakes? Bleh.

My team of 6 people has been building a software to compete with an already established piece of software written by a major software corporation. I'm not saying we'll succeed, I'm not saying we'll be better nor that we will cover every corner case they do and that they learned over the past 30 years. But 6 senior devs are getting stuff done at an insane pace. And if we can _attempt_ to do this, which would have been unthinkable 2 years ago, I can only wonder what will happen next.

Yeah I’m curious how much the moat of big software companies will shrink over the next few years. How long before I can ask a chatbot to build me a windows-like OS from scratch (complete with an office suite) and it can do a reasonable job?

And what happens then? Will we stop using each others code?

> My team of 6 people has been building a software to compete with an already established piece of software written by a major software corporation.

How long until that the devs at that major corporation start using an LLM? You think your smaller team can still compare to their huge team?

If the goal is to simply undercut the incumbent with roughly the same product than it doesn't really matter if the incumbent starts using LLMs too as their cost structure, margin expectations, etc. are already relatively set.

Of course they can. if you’ve ever stepped a foot inside big tech you’ll know the bottle neck is not dev output.

100%- which is what I'm telling everyone. I am in big tech and it doesn't matter that I can write what I used to in 1 week in 5 minutes. Meetings, reviews, design docs, politics, etc. etc. mean how much code is written is irrelevant. Productivity in big tech is pretty low because of organizational overhead. You just can't get anything done. Being able to get more work done with less people is the real game changer because less people don't suffer from those "coordination headwinds".

Bingo. Most of my employees come from big tech (not faang, but big corps ) where they felt they couldn't really deliver what they wanted and what they're capable of. These guys love to not just code, but to create and deliver stuff.

I agree with you, and share the experience. Something changed recently for me as well, where I found the mode to actually get value from these things. I find it refreshing that I don't have to write boilerplate myself or think about the exact syntax of the framework I use. I get to think about the part that adds value.

I also have the same experience where we rejected a SAP offering with the idea to build the same thing in-house.

But... aside from the obvious fact that building a thing is easier than using and maintaining the thing, the question arose if we even need what SAP offered, or if we get agents to do it.

In your example, do you actually need that simple CRM or maybe you can get agents to do the thing without any other additional software?

I don't know what this means for our jobs. I do know that, if making software becomes so trivial for everyone, companies will have to find another way to differentiate and compete. And hopefully that's where knowledge workers come in again.

Exactly. I hear this "wow finally I can just let Claude work on a ticket while I get coffee!" stuff and it makes me wonder why none of these people feel threatened in any way?

And if you can be so productive, then where exactly do we need this surplus productivity in software right now when were no longer in the "digital transformation" phase?

I don't feel threatened because no matter how tools, platforms and languages improved, no matter how much faster I could produce and distribute working applications, there has never been a shortage of higher level problems to solve.

Now if the only thing I was doing was writing code to a specification written by someone else, then I would be scared, but in my quarter century career that has never been the case. Even at my first job as a junior web developer before graduating college, there was always a conversation with stakeholders and I always had input on what was being built. I get that not every programmer had that experience, but to me that's always been the majority of the value that software developers bring, the code itself is just an implementation detail.

I can't say that I won't miss hand-crafting all the code, there certainly was something meditative about it, but I'm sure some of the original ENIAC programmers felt the same way about plugging in cables to make circuits. The world of tech moves fast, and nostalgia doesn't pay the bills.

> there has never been a shortage of higher level problems to solve.

True, but whether all those problems are SEEN worth chasing business wise is another matter. Short term is what matters most for individuals currently in the field, and short term is less devs needed which leads to drop in salaries and higher competition. You will have a job but if you explore the job market you will find it much harder to get a job you want at the salary you want without facing huge competition. At the same time, your current employer might be less likely to give you salary raises because they know you bargaining power has decreased due to the job market conditions.

Maybe in 40 years time, new problems will change the job market dynamics but you will likely be near retirement by then

Smart devs know this is the beginning of the end of high paying dev work. Once the LLM's get really good, most dev work will go to the lowest bidder. Just like factory work did 30 years ago.

Not even factory work, classic engineering jobs in general. SWE sucked all the air out of the engineering room, because the pay/benefits/job prospects were just head and shoulders better.

We had a fresh out of school EE hire who left our company for an SWE position 6 months into his job with us, for a position that paid the same (plus full remote with a food stipend) as our Director of Engineering. A 23 yr old getting on offer above what a 54 yr old with 30 years experience was making.

For a few years there, you had to be an idi...making sub-optimal decisions, to choose anything other than becoming an techy.

I think it’s the end of low paying dev work. If I was in one of the coding sweatshops I would be thinking hard.

Then whats the smart dev plan, sit on the vibe coding casino until the bossman calls you into the office?

Make as much money as you can while you still can before the bottom falls out. Or go work for one of the AI companies on AI. Always better to sell picks and shovels than dig for gold. Eventually the gold runs out where you are.

Exactly, it will be a CodeUber, we just pick the task from the app and deliver the results ))

I thought AI would already automate that part, I expect to actually just drive an actual uber

Become a plutocrat, or be useful to plutocrats. I don't have the moral flexibility for the former, but plutes tend to care about their images, legacies, and mewling broods. A clever person can find a way to be the latter.

Lots of dreamers here, yet Vanguard reports 4x job and wages growth in the 100 jobs most exposed to AI

Bit naive to think that positive pattern will hold for the next ten years or so or whatever time is left between now and your retirement. And arguably, the later that positive pattern changes is worse for you because retraining as an older person has its own challenges.

Oh please, SAP doesn't exist only because writing software is not free or cheap

I have not had the success you mention with programming… I still feel like I have to hold its hand all the way.

Regardless..

> The problem might end up being that the value created by LLMs will have no customers when everyone is unemployed.

This mentality is why investors are scrambling right now. It’s a scare tactic.

> The problem might end up being that the value created by LLMs will have no customers when everyone is unemployed.

I'm not a professional programmer, but I am the I.T. department for my wife's small office. I used ChatGPT recently (as a search engine) to help create a web interface for some files on our intranet. I'm sure no one in the office has the time or skills to vibe code this in a reasonable amount of time. So I'm confident that my "job" is secure :)

> Im sure no one in the office has the time or skills to vibe code.

the thing you are describing can be vibe coded by anyone. Its not that teachers or nurses are gonna start vibecoding tmrw, but the risk comes from other programmers outworking you to show off to the boss. Or companies pitting devs against each other, or them mistakenly assuming they require very few programmers, or PMs suddenly start vibe coding when threatened for their jobs.

I have to admit the last 6-8 weeks have been different. Maybe it’s just me realizing the value in some of these tools…

It seems like every quarter or two, I hear a story just like yours (including the <<Wow! We've quietly passed an inflection point!>> part).

What does that tell me?

It tells me that I shouldn't waste my time with a tool that's going to fundamentally change in three to six months; that I should wait until I stop hearing stories like this for a good, long while. "But you're going to be left behind!", yeah, maybe. But. I've been primarily a maintenance programmer for a very long time. The "bleeding edge" is where I am very, very rarely... and it seems to work out fine.

New tools that are useful are nice. Switching to a radically different tool every quarter or two? Not nice. I've got shit to do.

I don't see the interface changing much in 3-6 months, and definitely not fundamentally.

Sure, there will probably be some changes around MCP, skills, AGENTS.md and similar, but I don't see them as big changes, and you can use the tools now without those things.

>As a research topic, modern AI is a miracle, and I absolutely love learning about it. As an economic endeavor, it just feels insane. How many hospitals, roads, houses, machine shops, biomanufacturing facilities, parks, forests, laboratories, etc. could we build with the money we’re spending on pretraining models that we throw away next quarter?

This is a wrong way to look at it. The right way is to consider that AI investments generate (taxable) economic activity that your government can use to build "hospitals, roads, houses, machine shops, biomanufacturing facilities, parks, forests, laboratories".

they pay very little tax and most of the cash is going into datacenters and electricity which provide very little long term employment. llms can do some amazing things but at the same time they’re setting mountains of cash on fire to nudify random women on twitter and generate more spam than we could’ve ever imagined possible

Not so much when there’s a race to the bottom for which municipalities, and states can offer the most tax breaks.

People working on those facilities still pay income tax to the municipality no matter how much of a discount the business gets. People buying AI tokes/subscriptions pay VAT to the municipality where they reside.

Not many. Money is not a perfect abstraction. The raw materials used to produce 100B worth of Nvidia chips will not yield you many hospitals. AI researcher with 100M singup bonus from Meta ain't gonna lay you much brick.

It's not about the consumption of raw materials or repurposing of the raw materials used for chips. peterlk said:

> How many hospitals, roads, houses, machine shops, biomanufacturing facilities, parks, forests, laboratories, etc. could we build with the money we’re spending on pretraining models that we throw away next quarter?

It's about using the money for to build things that we actually need and that have more long term utility. No one expects someone with a 100M signing bonus at Meta to lay bricks, but that 100M could be used to buy a lot of bricks and pay a lot of brick layers to build hospitals.

Seems like the main issue is that taxes in America are far too low.

Again people confuse paper wealth and material assets. If you take half of money of 0.001% people imagine there will be material change in world of atoms but thats not true. You can't take 8 mil Richard Mille watch and build an apartment building. We are mostly resource constrained. There are no material assets to convert all the paper wealth into. Telsa's physical assets are like 5% of Tesla's market cap the rest is cultish belief in Elon. You can't convert that into a hospital. It's trivial to observe on AI side there is unlimited amount of $ available and yet companies are supplied constrained on the atoms side from gas turbines having 3-4 year lead times to ASML running 24/7 prod cycle and yet unable to meet demand.

You can tax wealth, assets and paper wealth as well. Some countries like Switzerland does it. Annual tax is 0.05-0.3% and that what should billionaires pay to the society.

You can and Pollock paintings will go for 80 mil instead of 110 and luxury assets will drop in price but will still be owned by same people. Switzerland is tiny so not very constrained. There is some elasticity for converting paper wealth into physical things but it is miniscule. I think COVID should've being a pretty strong lesson there.

I think it's a mistake to believe that this money would exist if it was to be spent on these things. The existence of money is largely derived from society scale intention, excitement or urgency. These hospitals, machine shops, etc, could not manifest the same amount of money unless packaged as an exciting society scale project by a charismatic and credible character. But AI, as an aggregate, has this pull and there are a few clear investment channels in which to pour this money. The money didn't need to exist yesterday, it can be created by pulling a loan from (ultimately) the Fed.

Those companies were each sitting ~$50-100B in cash even before the AI boom.

I mean, you're just talking about spending money. Google isn't trying to build data centers for fun. These massive outlays are only there because the folks making them think they will make much more money than they spend.

> How many hospitals, roads, houses, machine shops, biomanufacturing facilities, parks, forests, laboratories, etc. could we build

“We?”

This isn’t “our” money.

If you buy shares, you get a voice.

FWIW the models aren't thrown away. The weights are used to preinit the next foundation model training run. It helps to reuse weights rather than randomize them even if the model has a somewhat different architecture.

As for the rest, constraint on hospital capacity (at least in some countries, not sure about the USA) isn't money for capex, it's doctors unions that restrict training slots.

It's not a zero sum game. We could build hospitals and data centers. The reason we are not building hospitals or parks or machine shops have nothing to do with AI. We weren't building them 2 years ago either.

Indeed not zero sum, but a negative sum game to waste money instead of even doing nothing, let alone building something useful.

Google has zero expected build outs of "forests". They've never mentioned this in their 10k ever. There is no misallocation of Google's money from "forests" to datacenters.

There is a certain logic to it though. If the scaling approaches DO get us to AGI, that's basically going to change everything, forever. And if you assume this is the case, then "our side" has to get there before our geopolitical adversaries do. Because in the long run the expected "hit" from a hostile nation developing AGI and using it to bully "our side" probably really dwarfs the "hit" we take from not developing the infrastructure you mentioned.

Any serious LLM user will tell you that there's no way to get from LLM to AGI.

These models are vast and, in many ways, clearly superhuman. But they can't venture outside their training data, not even if you hold their hand and guide them.

Try getting Suno to write a song in a new genre. Even if you tell it EXACTLY what you want, and provide it with clear examples, it won't be able to do it.

This is also why there have been zero-to-very-few new scientific discoveries made by LLM.

Most humans aren't making new scientific discoveries either, are they? Does that mean they don't have AGI?

Intelligence is mostly about pattern recognition. All those model weights represent patterns, compressed and encoded. If you can find a similar pattern in a new place, perhaps you can make a new discovery.

One problem is the patterns are static. Sooner or later, someone is going to figure out a way to give LLMs "real" memory. I'm not talking about keeping a long term context, extending it with markdown files, RAG, etc. like we do today for an individual user, but updating the underlying model weights incrementally, basically resulting in a learning, collective memory.

Virtually all humans of average intelligence are capable of making scientific discoveries -- admittedly minor ones -- if they devote themselves to a field, work at its frontiers, and apply themselves. They are also capable of originality in other domains, in other ways.

I am not at all sure that the same thing is even theoretically possible for LLMs.

Not to be facetious, but you need to spend more time playing with Suno. It really drives home how limited these models are. With text, there's a vast conceptual space that's hard to probe; it's much easier when the same structure is ported to music. The number of things it can't do absolutely outweighs the number of things it can do. Within days, even mere hours, you'll become aware of its peculiar rigidity.

Can most people venture outside their training data?

Are you seriously comparing chips running AI models and human brains now???

Last time I checked the chips are not rewiring themselves like the brain does, nor does even the software rewrite itself, or the model recalibrate itself - anything that could be called "learning", normal daily work for a human brain.

Also, the models are not models of the world, but of our text communication only.

Human brains start by building a model of the physical world, from age zero. Much later, on top of that foundation, more abstract ideas emerge, including language. Text, even later. And all of it on a deep layer of a physical world model.

The LLM has none of that! It has zero depth behind the words it learned. It's like a human learning some strange symbols and the rules governing their appearance. The human will be able to reproduce valid chains of symbols following the learned rules, but they will never have any understanding of those symbols. In the human case, somebody would have to connect those symbols to their world model by telling them the "meaning" in a way they can already use. For the LLM that is not possible, since it doesn't habe such a model to begin with.

How anyone can even entertain the idea of "AGI" based on uncomprehending symbol manipulation, where every symbol has zero depth of a physical world model, only connections to other symbols, is beyond me TBH.

Watch out, you're getting suspiciously close to the Chinese Room argument. And people on here really don't like that argument.

Speaking as someone who thinks the Chinese Room argument is an obvious case of begging the question, GP isn't about that. They're not saying that LLMs don't have world models - they're saying that those world models are not based in physical world and thus cannot properly understand what they talk about.

I don't think that's true anymore, though. All the SOTA models are multimodal now, meaning that they are trained on images and videos as well, not just text; and they do that is precisely because it improves the text output as well, for this exact reason. Already, I don't have to waste time explaining to Claude or Codex what I want on a webpage - I can just sketch a mock-up, or when there's a bug, I take a screenshot and circle the bits that are wrong. But this extends into the ability to reason about real world, as well.

I would argue that is still just symbols. A physical model requires a lot more. For example, the way babies and toddlers learn is heavy on interaction with objects and the world. We know those who have less of that kind of experience in early childhood will do less well later. We know that many of today's children, kept quiet and sedated with interactive screens, are at a disadvantage. What if you made this even more extreme, a brain without ability to interact with anything, trained entirely passively? Even our much more complex brains have trouble creating a good model in these cases.

You also need more than one simple brain structure simulation repeated a lot. Our brains have many different parts and structures, not just a single type.

However, just like our airplanes do not resemble bird flight as the early dreamers of human flight dreamed of, with flapping wings, I also do not see a need for our technology to fully reproduce the original.

We are better off following our own tech path and seeing where it will lead. It will be something else, and that's fine, because anyone can create a new human brain without education and tools, with just some sex, and let it self-assemble.

Biology is great and all but also pretty limited, extremely path-dependent. Just look at all the materials we already managed to create that nature would never make. Going off the already trodden bio-path should be good, we can create a lot of very different things. Those won't be brains like ours that "Feel" like ours, if that word will ever even apply. and that's fine and good. Our creations should explore entirely new paths. All these comparisons to the human experience make me sad, let's evaluate our products on their own merit.

One important point:

If you truly want a copy, partial or full, in tech, of the human experience, you need to look at the physics. Not at some meta stuff like "text"!!

The physical structure and the electrical signals in the brain. THAT is us. And electrical signals and what they represent in chips are so completely and utterly different from what can be found in the brain, THAT is the much more important argument against silly human "AGI" comparisons. We don't have a CPU and RAM. We have massively parallel waves of electrical signals in a very complex structure.

Humans are hung up on words. We even have fantasy stories hat are all about it. You say some word, magic happens. You know somebody's "true name", you control them.

But the brain works on a much lower deeply physical level. We don't even need language. A human without language and "inner voice" still is a human with the same complex brain, just much worse at communication.

The LLMs are all about the surface layer of that particular human ability though. And again, that is fine, but it has nothing to do with how our brains work. We looked at nature and were inspired, and went and created something else. As always.

In some ways no, because to learn something you have to LEARN that then thats in the training data. But humans can do it continuously and sometimes randomly, and also being without prompted.

If you're a scientist -- and in many cases if you're an engineer, or a philosopher, or even perhaps a theologian -- your job is quite literally to add to humanity's training data.

I'd add that fiction is much more complicated. LLMs can clearly write original fiction, even if they are, as yet, not very good at it. There's an idea (often attributed to John Gardner or Leo Tolstoy) that all stories boil down to one of two scenarios:

> "A stranger comes to town."

> "A person goes on a journey."

Christopher Booker wrote that there are seven: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Basic_Plots

So I'd tentatively expect tomorrow's LLMs to write good fiction along those well-trodden paths. I'm less sanguine about their applications in scientific invention and in producing original music.

Yes, they can.

Ever heard of creativity?

I mean yeah, but that's why there are far more research avenues these days than just pure LLMs, for instance world models. The thinking is that if LLMs can achieve near-human performance in the language domain then we must be very close to achieving human performance in the "general" domain - that's the main thesis of the current AI financial bubble (see articles like AI 2027). And if that is the case, you still want as much compute as possible, both to accelerate research and to achieve greater performance on other architectures that benefit from scaling.

How does scaling compute does not go hand-in-hand with energy generation? To me, scaling one and not the other puts a different set of constraints on overall growth. And the energy industry works at a different pace than these hyperscalars scaling compute.

The other thing here is we know the human brain learns on far less samples than LLMs in their current form. If there is any kind of learning breakthrough then the amount of compute used for learning could explode overnight

Scaling alone wont get us to AGI. We are in the latter half of this AI summer where the real research has slowed down and even stopped and the MBAs and moguls are doing stupid things

For us to take the next step towards AGI, we need an AI winter to hit and the next AI summer to start, the first half of which will produce the advancement we actually need

Here's hoping you are chinese, then.

Why?

Well, I tried to specifically frame it in a neutral way, to outline the thinking that pretty much all the major nations / companies currently have on this topic.

I'm a simple man, I just want these companies to pay taxes where they make money.

> I'm a simple man, I just want these companies to pay taxes where they make money.

The folks who bankroll elections work tirelessly to insure this doesn't happen.

Especially when they make money off the free work of all the people who contributed to those training sets.

There really needs to be some kind of "commons tax" for that kind of thing.

Profits = revenue - costs. Costs include depreciations and write offs of investments, and capital costs (what they pay to service debt), before you get to a taxable profit for accounting purposes. It's going to be many years before they pay taxes, if ever.

They do have to pay Value Added Tax on their sales in many countries (all of the EU), but not in most of the US. (The basis for Trump's claim that the EU is robbing the US. Sigh.)

Remember the good old days of complaining about Bitcoin taking the energy output of a whole town.

It has never _not_ been time to build all the power plants we can environmentally afford.

More power enables higher quality of living and more advanced civilization. It will be put to use doing something useful, or at the very worst it'll make doing existing useful things less expensive opening them up to more who would like those things.

> It has never _not_ been time to build all the power plants we can environmentally afford.

The US' challenge is that new energy sources are waiting 3-5 years before they can connect to the grid.

refs: https://kagi.com/search?q=how+long+are+new+energy+sources+wa...

Haters will say Sora wasn't worth it.

Incredible how quickly that moment passed. Four months on it's barely clinging to the App Store top 100, below killer apps such as Gossip Harbor®: Merge & Story.

Ok I’ll bite. Was it worth it? What have people missed that haven’t used it.

What is Sora?

One of many AI video generators that are filling up all video social media with rage bate garbage.

If you see a video of a cat running away from a police traffic stop

It's incredibly sad and depressing. We could be building green energy, parks, public transit, education, healthcare.

> building green energy

Fun fact, we have already spent about $10T on renewables and it still provides a very tiny amount of global energy. Learn about why before complaining about it in public. While you are at it, perhaps learn why health insurance is so expensive while also increasing the cost of healthcare. In many matters of public policy, lack of money isn't the problem. Its ignorance of what makes good policy that is missing and that isn't fixed by throwing money at problems.

We could, but perhaps people want AI data centers more than one more month of healthcare spending. Though it’s a tough thing choosing between 3.5 rail lines between SF and LA and LLMs.

The thing is that is is not the 'people' who decide these things. Its the uber rich, who prefer investing to get uber richer (although I am not sure how will that work in this case) to investing in improving the health of the plebs.

Inflation adjusted?

Seems to be.

Facebook's investment is to be $135bn [1]. The Channel Tunnel was "in 1985 prices, £4.65 billion", which is £15.34bn in December 2025 [3], or $20.5bn at current exchange rate.

That is staggering.

(I didn't check the other figures.)

[1] https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn8jkyk78gno

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Tunnel

[3] https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetary-policy/inflation/in...

Its like we are transcending to a new state of the world.

Sure, but the end-state of this isn't just chat bots! Bipedal robots are the real target application for this technology, and at least three big players have invested many billions each into base model training. The "GPT 2 moment" for robotics will happen likely later this year, next year at the latest. Then, the company that scales up from there to the equivalent of GPT 3.5 -- the first properly useful model -- can start selling androids by the tens of millions.

It'll be the next automobile, every well-to-do household will want one eventually. Every hospital, to assist/replace nurses. Every retirement home for the same reason.

Japan and China alone, with their ageing populations in dire need of nursing, will easily pay for the investment with that one use-case.

Not really your point but I think the skills to create these things are much slower to train than producing chips and data centres.

So they couldn't really build any of these projects weekly since the cost of construction materials / design engineers / construction workers would inflate rapidly.

Worth keeping in mind when people say "we could have built 52 hospitals instead!" or similar. Yes, but not really... since the other constraints would quickly reveal themselves

[dead]

So, now you understand you can’t compare things with how much they cost

If this will pop sooner or later, where should I put my money on?

All IT companies will go red

The US economy will go red because IT companies will go red

Banks will follow because their investments depended on the IT market

Gold pumped but is falling now (maybe a good time to buy?)

Crypto is crypto so no one knows (although we are close to the pump season where everything 10x in value, but it's still a bet)

Europe is detaching itself from the US, so maybe there's something there?

Maybe we can just buy non perishable essencial products now, because everything is going to blow up in prices? Still if I buy a 2£ can of beans, later sell it at 10£ because its market value increased to 15, I'm still losing. Not losing as much, but still losing, not to mention I need to find a buyer.

I could buy a house and sell it, but the housing market is a micro bubble where I live that it might pop as well by the time I sell.

So where do I put my money now, knowing that everything's going to blow up?

  So where do I put my money now, knowing that everything's going to blow up?

Then you deploy the cash into equities if/when it does crash so you can buy at an inevitable discount.

Personally, I think we are just at the beginning of the boom.

That is why the current admin keeps talking about (and trying to push) printing more money. Because the obvious plan is to inflate out of the mess. Which they have been a little.

The big question is, will they succeed at accelerating it or not?

Either way, cash won’t be worth as much.

The person I'm responding to thinks everything is going to blow up. That means he expects equities to worth a lot less than now. The obvious thing to do is to hold cash.

This won't work if you are on the shorter end of the yield curve. Obviously when investors say "cash" they mean money market fund at least.

Now people holding actual cash will have problems.

Considering most folks feel like actual inflation is > anything they can get from a money market account (and hard to argue with them!), that is why we have the problem we have.

If actual inflation > IR you can get for safe investments, it means inflation is working as designed. Mainstream economists make the argument that anyone who saves money is selfishly hoarding resources that could be spent or invested. The Fed is supposed to print money to purposely cause inflation, precisely to "tax" this unsocial behavior and incentivize consumption, riskier investments, and debt.

I don't personally agree with this argument. But everyone should be aware that the argument exists, many economists endorse it, and it is used to guide policy in many countries.

Sadly international diversification is far less effective during downturns, which is exactly when you need it. It really turns out that the old adage "when the US sneezes the whole world catches a cold" is borne out by the evidence: https://earlyretirementnow.com/2017/08/23/how-useful-is-inte...

I started getting concerned about the US stock market being overvalued in about 2019. If I'd followed my gut and ditched the US entirely I'd have missed out enormously.

Unfortunately the "guys, it's getting a bit frothy" stage can last for years and years. If you pull out of the stock market whenever everything's looking irrationally overvalued you're probably going to fall behind the unthinking approach of continually investing the same amount every month.

Although I don't think investments are easy to "bubble-proof" I feel like your career choices can make you more resistant to catastrophe. The strongest strategy of all (if it's practical in your lifestyle) is to be nationally and internationally mobile so that your job search can cover the entire world, and you pick whichever employer is most desperate to find someone. After that, you can sometimes transfer internally to teams that are more robust (in my industry we have teams that design new facilities and teams that run existing facilities - the ones that design new facilities are far more vulnerable to ups and downs as projects get cancelled). Finally, you can make lots of casual contacts in your industry (we sometimes get together for coffee or beer with other people in our city who do a similar job at other companies) - then when you're made redundant, you've got the inside information of where new roles might come from.

On the cost side of the equation, your choices of "how big a house & car can I afford?" should learn towards being more pessimistic, but often there's not huge scope for choice there in the short term.

Long story short, the glib answer to your question "where do I put my money now, knowing that everything's going to blow up?" is "leave it in the S&P 500 and be aware that one day it will blow up"

What if it won't pop and just keep getting better?

Replacing more and more jobs as it goes?

Is this really a valid outcome, given the facts in the article?

Is it really a bubble? The AI boom is often compared to dot com bubble but was that a bubble? Sure if you bought immediately before the crash and sold after you lost a lot of money. But if you were just consistently investing in web based companies from lates 1990s to 2010, how did you do? Probably pretty well. Web did change the world and create an immense amount of wealth in the world and markets. You're just focused on a short time frame.

Even the real estate bubble in 2008. If you bought a home in 2005 and sold in 2009, sure you lost a lot, but if you just invested in real estate from mid 2000s and kept it for 10 years, you prob did pretty well. Even the great depression had a sharp readjustment, but look at pretty much any 10‑year windows, including great depression, you'll see ~10% nominal and ~5–7% real annualized equity returns.

I think AI will be similar. It's a paradigm shift. Some of todays companies will go under and stocks will crash but over 10+ years, I think it will be a great investment and the industry will flourish, much like the tech or real estate bubble.

I think a lot of investors are looking at Europe/EU as a safe heaven, because it actually has strong democratic institutions that hold up the rule of law, and not some maddening kind that can tank your investments on his mere whim and a tech/fin oligarchy, eager to please and profit him while keeping the pyramid scheme going (while they build doomsday bunkers in New Zealand), until it all blows in the public's face.

At the risk of calling you on a deep-cut 2-step pun from your username, I think you meant "safe haven", not "safe heaven" :-)

The rule of law only applies to the peasants here in the EU as well .

The real question is whether the boom is, economically, a mistake.

If AI is here to stay, as a thing that permanently increases productivity, then AI buying up all the electricians and network engineers is a (correct) signal. People will take courses in those things and try to get a piece of the winnings. Same with those memory chips that they are gobbling up, it just tells everyone where to make a living.

If it's a flash in a pan, and it turns out to be empty promises, then all those people are wasting their time.

What we really want to ask ourselves is whether our economy is set up to mostly get things right, or it is wastefully searching.

"If X is here to stay, as a thing that permanently increases productivity" - matches a lot of different X. Maintaining persons health increases productivity. Good education increases productivity. What is playing out now is completely different - it is both irresistible lust for omniscient power provided by this technology ("mirror mirror on the wall, who has recently thought bad things about me?"), and the dread of someone else wielding it.

Plus, it makes natural moat against masses of normal (i.e. poor) people, because requires a spaceship to run. Finally intelligence can also be controlled by capital the way it was meant to, joining information, creativity, means of production, communication and such things

> Plus, it makes natural moat against masses of normal (i.e. poor) people, because requires a spaceship to run. Finally intelligence can also be controlled by capital the way it was meant to, joining information, creativity, means of production, communication and such things

I'd put intelligence in quotes there, but it doesn't detract from the point.

It is astounding to me how willfully ignorant people are being about the massive aggregation of power that's going on here. In retrospect, I don't think they're ignorant, they just haven't had to think about it much in the past. But this is a real problem with very real consequences. Sovereignty must be occasionally be asserted, or someone will infringe upon it.

That's exactly what's happening here.

>massive aggregation of power that's going on here

Which has been happening since what at least the bad old IBM days and nobody's done a thing about it?

I've given up tbh. It's like the apathetic masses want the billionaires to become trillionaires as long as they get their tiktok fix.

> It's like the apathetic masses want the billionaires to become trillionaires as long as they get their tiktok fix.

it's much worse. a great demographic of hacker news love gen. AI.. these are usually highly educated people showing their true faces on the plethora of problems this technology violates and generates

There's nothing wrong with generative AI as a technology.

The problem is that it's in the hands of sociopaths. But that is a general problem with our socioeconomic system, not with AI.

>I've given up tbh. It's like the apathetic masses want the billionaires to become trillionaires as long as they get their tiktok fix.

Especially at cost of diverting power and water for farmers and humans who need them. And the benefit of the AI seems quite limited from recent Signal post here on HN.

Water for farmers is its own pile of bullshit. Beef uses a stupid amount of water. Same with almonds. If you're actually worried about feeding people and not just producing an expensive economic product you're not going to make them.

Same goes for people living in deserts where we have to ship water thousands of miles.

Give me a break.

And one of my favorites, alfalfa in Arizona for Saudi Arabian horses.

Water usage must be taxed according to its use, unfortunately.

Very important. There is more than just 1 bullshit line of business.

The difference is that we've more or less hit a stable Pareto front in education and healthcare. Gains are small and incremental; if you pour more money into one place and less into another, you generally don't end up much better off, although you can make small but meaningful improvements in select areas. You can push the front forward slightly with new research and innovation, but not very fast or far.

The current generation of AI is an opportunity for quick gains that go beyond just a few months longer lifespan or a 2% higher average grade. It is an unrealised and maybe unrealistic opportunity, but it's not just greed and lust for power that pushes people to invest, it's hope that this time the next big thing will make a real difference. It's not the same as investing more in schools because it's far less certain but also has a far higher alleged upside.

> The difference is that we've more or less hit a stable Pareto front in education and healthcare.

Not even close. So many parts of the world need to be pumped with target fund infusions ASAP. Only forcing higher levels of education and healthcare at the places where it lags is a viable step towards securing peaceful and prosperous nearest future.

Then why didn't that happen before GenAI was a thing?

I think some people may have to face the fact that money was never going to go there under any circumstances.

> Then why didn't that happen before GenAI was a thing?

Because there was no easy way for the people directing capital to those endeavors to make themselves richer.

Pareto is irrelevant, because they are talking about how to use all of this money not currently used in healthcare or education.

Also throwing money at problems doesn't necessarily solve them. Sometimes problems get worse when you throw more money at them. No matter how much money you throw at education, if you don't use Phonics to teach them, kids won't be able to read. Guess what we use?

Ok, this is mostly irrelevant - education is not one of those problems that money can’t at least massively improve. And lack of direct phonics instruction will leave behind some kids. And if you use phonics without the rest of learning to read, some of them still won’t manage it. One of the reasons that teaching American kids how to read varies is that somewhere between 30 and 60% of kids will figure it out if you just read to them enough. The others have a wide variety of gaps, ranging from hearing or sight difficulties to short term memory issues to not speaking English. Phonics helps a subset of them, but is not enough by itself - and I don’t know who “we” is, but most American schools do and have always taught phonics. The debate is really over the length of time and level of focus it gets, and whether to make 100% of kids sit through it when maybe half of them don’t need it. I’m sure there are teachers out there who just don’t teach phonics but I haven’t seen them.

> if you pour more money into one place and less into another, you generally don't end up much better off, although you can make small but meaningful improvements in select areas

"Marginal cost barrier" hit, then?

> The difference is that we've more or less hit a stable Pareto front in education and healthcare. Gains are small and incremental;

You probably mean gains between someone receiving healtcare and education now, as compared to 10 years ago, or maybe you mean year to year average across every man alive.

You certainly do not mean that person receiving appropriate healthcare is only 2% better off than one not receiving it, or educated person is noly 2% better of than an uneducated one?

Because I find such notion highly unlikely. So, here you have vast amounts of people you can mine for productivity increase, simply by providing things that exist already and are available in unlimited supply to anyone who can produce money at will. Instead, let's build warehouses and fill them with obsolete tech, power it all up using tiny Sun and .. what exactly?

This seems like a thinly disguised act of an obsessed person that will stop at nothing to satisfy their fantasies.

> Finally intelligence can also be controlled by capital

The relationship between capital and AI is a fascinating topic. The contemporary philosopher who has thought most intensely about this is probably Nick Land (who is heavily inspired by Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk and Friedrich Hayek). For Land, intelligence has always been immanent in capitalism and capitalism is actively producing it. As we get closer to the realization of capitalism's telos/attractor (technological singularity), this becomes more and more obvious (intelligible).

In 2024, global GDP was $111 trillion.[1] Investing 1 or 2 % of that to improve global productivity via AI does not seem exaggerated to me.

[1] https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD

2% is a lot! There's only fifty things you can invest 2% of GDP in before you occupy the entire economy. But the list of services people need, from food, water, shelter, heating, transportation, education, healthcare, communications, entertainment, mining, materials, construction, research, maintenance, legal services... there's a lot of things on that list. To allocate each one 1% or 2% of the economy may seem small, but pretty quickly you hit 100%.

Most of you have mentioned is not investment, but consumption. Investments means to use money to make more money in the future. Global investment rates are around 25 % of global GDP. Avarage return on investement ist about 10% per year. In other words: using 1% or 2% of GDP if its leads to an improvement in GDP of more than 0.1% or 0.2% next year would count as a success. I think to expect a productivity gain on this scale due to AI is not unrealistic for 2026.

> Most of you have mentioned is not investment, but consumption.

It's ongoing investment in the infrastructure of civil society. These sorts of investments usually give you indirect returns... which is why it's usually only done by governments.

AI is a big deal though.

Is it? I am using AI daily, but would rank it dead last compared to food, water, shelter, heating, transportation, education, healthcare, communications

I will put it differently,

Investing 1 or 2% of global GDP to increase wealth gap 50% more and make top 1% unbelievable rich while everyone else looking for jobs or getting 50 year mortgage, seem very bad idea to me.

This problem is not specific to AI, but a matter of social policy.

For example here in Germany, the Gini index, an indicator of equality/inequality has been oszillating about 29.75 +/-1.45 since 2011.[1] In other words, the wealth distribution was more or less stable in the last 15 years, and is less extrem than in the USA, where it was 41.8 in 2023.[2]

[1] https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1184266/

[2] https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SIPOVGINIUSA

It can be both? Both that inequality increases but also prosperity for the lower class? I don’t mind that trade off.

If some one were to say to you - you can have 10,000 more iPhones to play with but your friends would get 100,000 iPhones, would you reject the deal?

A century ago people in the US started to tax the rich much more heavily than we do now. They didn't believe that increasing inequality was necessary - or even actually that helpful - for improving their real livelihood.

Don't be shocked if that comes back. (And that was the mild sort of reaction.)

If you have billions and all the power associated with it, why are you shooting for personal trillions instead of actually, directly improving the day to day for everyone else without even losing your status as an elite, just diminishing it by a little bit of marginal utility? Especially if you read history about when people make that same decision?

I don't think that is scalable to infinite iphones since the input materials are finite. If your all your friends get 100,000 iphones and then you need an ev battery and that now costs 20,000 iphones now and you're down 5k iphones if the previous battery cost was 5k iphones. On the other hand if you already had a good battery, then you're up 20k iphones or so in equity. Also, since everyone has so many iphones the net utility drops and they become worth less than the materials so everyone would have to scrap their iphones to liquidate at the cost of the recycled metals.

It can be, but there are lots of reasons to believe it will not be. Knowledge work was the ladder between lower and upper classes. If that goes away, it doesn't really matter if electricians make 50% more.

I guess I don’t believe knowledge work will completely go away.

Its not really a matter of some great shift. Millennials are the most educated generation by a wide margin, yet their wealth by middle age is trailing prior generations. The ladder is being pulled up inch by inch and I don't see AI doing anything other than speeding up that process at the moment.

> If some one were to say to you - you can have 10,000 more iPhones to play with but your friends would get 100,000 iPhones, would you reject the deal?

I'd think about how many elections he can buy with those iPhones, for starters.

Not when one party owns half of the city real estate and another million people are looking for affordable house.

At the end of the day, couple of owners of those companies each have at least net worth of $2-4B, what do they do that money?

You can say they build more houses, but who benefits from it? Again, themselves?

Isn't this a broken system?

>Both that inequality increases but also prosperity for the lower class? I don’t mind that trade off.

This sounds like it is written from the perspective of someone who sees their own prosperity increase dramatically so that they end up on the prosperous side of the worsening inequality gap. The fact that those on the other side of the gap see marginal gains in prosperity makes them feel that it all worked out okay for everyone.

I think this is greed typical of the current players in the AI/tech economy. You all saw others getting abundant wealth by landing high-paying jobs with tech companies and you want to not only to do the same, but to one-up your peers. It's really a shame that so much tech-bro identity revolves around personal wealth with zero accountability for the tools that you are building to set yourselves in control of lives of those you have chosen to either leave behind or to wield as tools for further wealth creation through alternate income SaaS subscription streams or other bullshit scams.

There really is not much difference between tech-bros, prosperity gospel grifters or other religious nuts whose only goal is to be more wealthy today than yesterday. It's created a generation of greedy, selfish narcissists who feel that in order to succeed in their industry, they need to be high-functioning autists so they take the path of self-diagnosis and become, as a group, resistant to peer review since anyone who would challenge their bullshit is doing the same thing and unlikely to want too much light shed on their own shady shit. It is funny to me that many of these tech-bros have no problem admitting their drug experimentation since they need to maintain an aura of enlightenment amongst their peers.

It's gonna be a really shitty world when the dopeheads run everything. As someone who grew up back in the day when smoking dope was something hidden and paranoia was a survival instinct for those who chose that path I can see lots of problems for society in the pipeline.

I think you inadvertently stepped in the point — Yes, what the fuck do I need 10,000 iPhones for? Also part of the problem is which resources end up in abundance. What am I going to do with more compute when housing and land are a limited resource.

Gary’s Economics talks about this but in many cases inequality _is_ the problem. More billionaires means more people investing in limited resources(housing) driving up prices.

Maybe plebes get more money too, but not enough to spend on the things that matter.

It’s just a proxy for wealth using concrete things.

If you were given 10,000 dollars but your friends were also 100,000 dollars as well, would you take the deal?

Land and housing can get costlier while other things get cheaper, making you overall more prosperous. This is what happened in the USA and most of the world. Would you take this deal?

I wouldn't be able to hang out with them as much (they'd go do a lot of higher-cost things that I couldn't afford anymore).

I'd have a shittier apartment (they'd drive up the price of the nicer ones, if we're talking about a significant sized group; if it's truly just immediate friends, then instead it's just "they'd all move further away to a nicer area").

So I'd have some more toys but would have a big loss in quality of my social life. Pass.

(If you promised me that those cracks wouldn't happen, sure, it would be great for them. But in practice, having seen this before, it's not really realistic to hold the social fabric together when economic inequality increases rapidly and dramatically.)

No you would have the same house or better. That’s part of the condition.

More to the point, what does research into notions of fairness among primates tell us about the risks of a vast number of participants deciding to take this deal?

You have to tell us the answer so we can resolve your nickname "simianwords" with regard to Poe's Law.

haha perhaps we are better than primates.

I don't know how nobody has mentioned this before:

The guy with 100k will end up rewriting the rules so that in the next round, he gets 105k and you get 5k.

And people like you will say "well, I'm still better off"

In future rounds, you will try to say "oh, I can't lose 5k for you to get 115k" and when you try to vote, you won't be able to vote, because the guy who has been making 23x what you make has spent his money on making sure it's rigged.

> If you were given 10,000 dollars but your friends were also 100,000 dollars as well, would you take the deal?

This boldly assumes the 10k actually reaches me. Meanwhile 100k payouts endlessly land as expected.

usa sources: me+kids+decade of hunger level poverty. no medical coverage for decades. homeless retirement still on the table.

You’re missing the point. It’s not about jealousy it’s basic economics - supply and demand. No I would not take the deal if it raised the demand in something central to my happiness (housing) driving the price up for something previously affordable and make it unaffordable.

I would not trade my house for a better iPhone with higher quality YouTube videos, and slightly more fashionable athleisure.

I don’t care how many yacht’s Elon Musk has, I care how many governments.

What if you could buy the same house as before, buy the same iPhone as before and still have more money remaining? But your house cost way way more proportionally.

If you want to claim that that's a realistic outcome you should look at how people lived in the 50s or 80s vs today, now that we've driven up income inequality by dramatically lowering top-end tax rates and reduced barriers to rich people buying up more and more real property.

What we got is actually: you can't buy the same house as before. You can buy an iPhone that didn't exist then, but your boss can use it to request you do more work after-hours whenever they want. You have less money remaining. You have less free time remaining.

Do you have source for your claim? I have source that supports what I have said - look at disposable income data from BLS

If you’re asking me if I’m an idiot who doesn’t understand basic economics / capitalism, the answer is no. If you’re asking me if I think that in the real world there are negative externalities of inequality in and of itself that makes it more complicated than “everyone gets more but billionaires get more more” than the answer is yes.

Just being born in the US already makes you a top 10% and very likely top 5-1% in terms of global wealth. The top 1% you're harping about is very likely yourself.

> Just being born in the US already makes you a top 10%

Our family learned how long-term hunger (via poverty) is worse in the US because there was no social support network we could tap into (for resource sharing).

Families not in crisis don't need a network. Families in crisis have insufficient resources to launch one. They are widely scattered and their days are consumed with trying to scrape up rent (then transpo, then utilities, then food - in that order).

And so many people in the US are already miserable before yet another round of "become more efficient and productive for essentially the same pay or less as before!!"

So maybe income equality + disposable material goods is not a good path towards people being happier and better off.

It's our job to build a system that will work well for ourselves. If there's a point where incentivizing a few to hoard even more resources to themselves starts to break down in terms of overall quality of life, we have a responsibility to each other to change the system.

Look at how many miserable-ass unhappy toxic asshole billionaires there are. We'll be helping their own mental health too.

It is not really obvious to me that happiness should be part of the social contract.

Happiness is very slippery even in your own life. It seems absurd to me that you should care about my happiness.

So much of happiness is the change from the previous state to the present. I am happy right now because 2026 has started off great for me while 2025 was a bad year.

I would imagine there was never a happier American society than the year's after WW2.

I imagine some of the most happy human societies were the ones during the years after the black plague. No one though today gains happiness because of the absence of black plague.

To believe a society can be built around happiness seems completely delusional to me.

Agree targeting happiness is the wrong approach. Happiness comes and goes. We should raise the baseline, not the ceiling.

So what? If that's the case, they clearly mean the 0.0001% or whatever number, which is way worse.

>Investing 1 or 2% of global GDP to increase wealth gap 50% more

What’s your definition of wealth gap?

Is it how you feel when you see the name of a billionaire?

It's easy to access statistics about wealth and income inequality. It is worse than it has ever been, and continuing to get worse.

https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/01/09/trends-...

Yes the very fact that billionaires exist mean our species has failed.

I do not believe that there is a legitimate billionaire on the planet, in that they haven't engaged in stock manipulation, lobbying, insider trading, corrupt deals, monopolistic practices, dark patterns, corporate tax dodging, personal tax dodging.

You could for example say that the latter are technically legal and therefore okay, but it's my belief that they're "technically legal/loopholes" because we have reached a point where the rich are so powerful that they bend the laws to their own ends.

Our species is a bit of a disappointment. People would rather focus on trivial tribal issues than on anything that impacts the majority of the members of our species. We are well and truly animals.

It’s implied you mean that the ROI will be positive. Spending 1-2% of global GDP with negative ROI could be disastrous.

I think this is where most of the disagreement is. We don’t all agree on the expected ROI of that investment, especially when taking into account the opportunity cost.

They still gotta figure out how their consumers will get the cash to consume. Toss all the developers and a largish cohort of well-paid people head towards the dole.

Yeah I don't think this get's enough attention. It still requires a technical person to use these things effectively. Building coherent systems that solve a business problem is an iterative process. I have a hard time seeing how an LLM could climb that mountain on it's own.

I don't think there's a way to solve the issue of: one-shotted apps will increasingly look more convincing, in the same way that the image generation looks more convincing. But when you peel back the curtain, that output isn't quite correct enough to deploy to production. You could try brute-force vibe iterating until it's exactly what you wanted, but that rarely works for anything that isn't a CRUD app.

Ask any of the image generators to build you a sprite sheet for a 2d character with multiple animation frames. I have never gotten one to do this successfully in one prompt. Sometimes the background will be the checkerboard png transparency layer. Except, the checkers aren't all one color (#000000, #ffffff), instead it's a million variations of off-white and off-black. The legs in walking frames are almost never correct, etc.

And even if they get close - as soon as you try to iterate on the first output, you enter a game of whack-a-mole. Okay we fixed the background but now the legs don't look right, let's fix those. Okay great legs are fixed but now the faces are different in every frame let's fix those. Oh no fixing the faces broke the legs again, Etc.

We are in a weird place where companies are shedding the engineers that know how to use these things. And some of those engineers will become solo-devs. As a solo-dev, funds won't be infinite. So it doesn't seem likely that they can jack up the prices on the consumer plans. But if companies keep firing developers, then who will actually steer the agents on the enterprise plans?

> It still requires a technical person to use these things effectively.

I feel like few people critically think about how technical skill gets acquired in the age of LLMs. Statements like this kind of ignore that those who are the most productive already have experience & technical expertise. It's almost like there is a belief that technical people just grow on trees or that every LLM response somehow imparts knowledge when you use these things.

I can vibe code things that would take me a large time investment to learn and build. But I don't know how or why anything works. If I get asked to review it to ensure it's accurate, it would take me a considerable amount of time where it would otherwise just be easier for me to actually learn the thing. Feels like those most adamant about being more productive in the age of AI/LLMs don't consider any of the side effects of its use.

That's not something that will affect the next quarter, so for US companies it might as well be something that happens in Narnia.

> But when you peel back the curtain, that output isn't quite correct enough to deploy to production

What if, we change current production environments to fit that blackbox and make it run somehow with 99% availability and good security?

esp when it comes down to integration with the rest of the business processes & people aroud this "single apps" :-)

Why do we need people to consume when we have the government?

Serious question. As in, we built the last 100 years on "the american consumer", the idea that it would be the people buying everything. There is no reason that needs to or necessarily will continue-- don't get me wrong, I kind of hope it does, but my hopes don't always predict what actually happens.

What if the next 100 is the government buying everything, and the vast bulk of the people are effectively serfs. Who HAVE to stay in line otherwise they go to debt prison or tax prison where they become slaves (yes, the US has a fairly large population of prison laborers who are forced to work for 15-50 cents/hour. The lucky ones can earn as much as $1.50/hour. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2017/04/10/wages/

where will the government get the money to buy anything if the billionaires and their mega corps have it all and spend sufficient amounts to keep the government from taxing. we have a k shape economy where the capital class is extracting all of the value from the working class who are headed to subsistence levels of income and the low class dies in the ditch.

Like before - debt!

This prevents the consumers from slacking off and enjoying life, instead they have to continue to work work work. They get to consume a little, and work much more (after all, they also have to pay interest, and for consumer credits and credits that the masses get that adds up to a lot).

In this scenario, it does not even matter that many are unable to pay off all that debt. As long as the amount of work that is extracted from them significantly exceeds the amount of consumption allowed to them all is fine.

The chains that bind used to be metal, but we progressed and became a civilized society. Now it's the financial system and the laws. “The law, in its majestic equality, forbids rich and poor alike to sleep under bridges, to beg in the streets, and to steal their bread.” (Anatole France)

At some point rich people stop caring about money and only care about power.

It's a fun thought, but you know what we call those people? Poor. The people who light their own money on fire today are ceding power. The two are the same.

At the end the day a medieval lord was poor but he lived a better life than the peasants.

> At the end the day a medieval lord was poor but he lived a better life than the peasants.

As measured in knowledge utilized during basic living: The lives of lords were much less complex than that of modern poor people.

1. Some people can afford to light a lot of their money on fire and still remain rich.

2. The trick is to burn other people’s money. Which is a lot more akin to what is going on here. Then, at least in the US, if you’re too big to fail, the fed will just give you more cash effectively diminishing everyone else’s buying power.

In regards to 2: it's as simple as not letting it be your money being set on fire. Every fiscally responsible individual is making sure they have low exposure to the mag 7.

I know that all investments have risk, but this is one risky gamble.

US$700 billion could build a lot of infrastructure, housing, or manufacturing capacity.

There is no shortage of money to build housing. There is an abundance of regulatory burdens in places that are desirable to live in.

Its not due to a lack of money that housing in SF is extremely expensive.

SF is not the only place where housing is expensive. There are plenty of cities where they could build more housing and they don't because it isn't profitable or because they don't have the workers to build more, not because the government is telling them they can't.

It is expensive in those other places for similar reasons as SF -- the government either tells them they can't (through zoning), or makes it very expensive (through regulation, like IZ / "affordable" housing), or limit profitability (rent control), or some combination of the above. All of these reduce the supply of new housing.

Generally the cities where housing is expensive are exactly the ones where the government is telling people they can't build (or making it very expensive to get approval). Do you have a specific example of a city such as you claim?

Which cities, for example?

> US$700 billion could build a lot of infrastructure, housing, or manufacturing capacity.

I am now 100% convinced, that the US has power to build those things, but it will not, because it means lives of ordinary people will be elevated even more, this is not what brutal capitalism wants.

If it can make top 1% richer in 10 year span vs good for everyone in 20 years, it will go with former

What $700 billion can't do is cure cancers, Parkinsons, etc. We know because we've tried and that's barely a sliver of what it's cost so far, for middling results.

Whereas $700 billion in AI might actually do that.

Your name is well earned! "can't cure cancers" is impressively counterfactual [0] as 5 year survival of cancer diagnosis is up over almost all categories. Despite every cancer being a unique species trying to kill you, we're getting better and better at dealing with them.

[0]https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-research-news/people-are...

Treating cancer is not the same as curing it. Currently, no doctor would ever tell you you are "cured", just that you are in remission.

Cancer is approaching being a managed chronic disease. That isn’t remission.

In my experience, most people with cancer that I know simply oscillate between having life-threatening active cancer/tumors and remission.

I don't know any case where people have detectable cancer and it's just being managed, I think that's more the exception than the rule.

For my girlfriend, when she was in her last stages they had to do that (try to slow down/manage the cancer instead of remove it), but that was already palliative care and she died soon after. Also, the only reason they didn't try removing the tumor is because the specific location in the brain (pons) is inoperable.

Yes, we're getting better at treating cancers, but still if a person gets cancer, chances are good the thing they'll die of is cancer. Middling results.

Because we're not good at curing cancers, we're just good at making people survive better for longer until the cancer gets them. 5 year survival is a lousy metric but it's the best we can manage and measure.

I'm perfectly happy investing roughly 98% of my savings into the thing that has a solid shot at curing cancers, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. I don't understand why all billionaires aren't doing this.

How AI will cure neurodegenerative diseases and cancer?

Maybe along the lines of alphafold 3 https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/products/google-deepmi...

If we knew that we probably wouldn’t need AI to tell us.

But realistically: perhaps by noticing patterns we’ve failed to notice and by generating likely molecules or pathways to treatment that we hadn’t explored.

We don’t really know what causes most diseases anyway. Why does the Shingles vaccine seem to defend against dementia? Why does picking your nose a lot seem to increase risk of Alzheimer’s?

That’s the point of building something smarter than us: it can get to places we can’t get on our own, at least much faster than we could without it.

I don’t think that lack of intelligence is the bottleneck. It might be in some places, but categorically, across the board, our bottlenecks are much more pragmatic and mundane.

Consider another devastating disease: tuberculosis. It’s largely eradicated in the 1st world but is still a major cause of death basically everywhere else. We know how to treat it, lack of knowledge isn’t the bottleneck. I’d say effectively we do not have a cure for TB because we have not made that cure accessible to enough humans.

That’s a weird way to frame it. It’s like saying we don’t know how to fly because everyone doesn’t own a personal plane.

We have treatments (cures) for TB: antibiotics. Even XDR-TB.

What we don’t have is a cure for most types of cancer.

Flying is a bad example because airlines are a thing and make flying relatively accessible.

I get your point, but I don’t think it really matters. If a cure for most (or all) cancers is known but it’s not accessible to most people then it is effectively nonexistent. E.g it will be like TB.

> We have treatments (cures) for TB

TB is still one of the top 10 causes of death globally.

Things like antibiotics are plenty accessible - 3rd world countries are literally overusing and misusing antibiotics to the point of causing drug resistance in TB. "Effectively we do not have [thing] because we have not made that [thing] accessible to enough humans" is an exercise in goal-post moving.

About 15% of people over the age of 15 are illiterate, but it'd be silly to say "effectively we don't have literacy", even in a global context. Depending on the stat, 1 in 10 don't have access to electricity, but electricity has been in 50% of American homes for over 100 years.

The reality is that the future is unevenly distributed. AI and more broadly technology as a whole, will only exacerbate that uneven distribution. That's just the reality of progress: we didn't stall electrifying homes in NYC because they didn't get electricity in Papua New Guinea.

If AI discovers a cure for cancer, it may be incredibly unevenly distributed. Imagine it's some amp'd-up form of CAR-T, requiring huge resources and expenses, but offering an actual cure for that individual. It'd be absurd to say we couldn't consider cancer cured just because the approach doesn't scale to a $1 pill.

> As an example, in the UK in 2013 the cost of standard TB treatment was estimated at £5,000 while the cost of treating MDR-TB was estimated to be more than 10 times greater, ranging from £50,000 to £70,000 per case.

I pulled this from Wikipedia. It does not look like TB treatment is “plenty affordable”.

If the issue is with the semantics of the word “cure” that’s not a hill I’ll die on, but can you see how knowing how to cure something and actually curing something are two vastly different things?

Maybe it should give you pause then, that not everyone else is investing 98% of their savings?

It gives me pause that most people drive cars or are willing to sit in one for more than 20 minutes a week.

But people accept the status quo and are afraid to take a moment’s look into the face of their own impending injury, senescence and death: that’s how our brains are wired to survive and it used to make sense evolutionarily until about 5 minutes ago.

> I don't understand why all billionaires aren't doing this.

I know, shocking isn’t it?

Ah, yes: "well, we can't cure cancer or autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases, but I'm willing to invest basically all my money into a thing that's...trained on the things we know how to do already, and isn't actually very good at doing any of them."

...Meanwhile, we are developing techniques to yes, cure some kinds of cancer, as in every time they check back it's completely gone, without harming healthy tissue.

We are developing "anti-vaccines" for autoimmune diseases, that can teach our bodies to stop attacking themselves.

We are learning where some of the origins of the neurodegenerative diseases are, in ways that makes treating them much more feasible.

So you're 100% wrong about the things we can't do, and your confidence in what "AI" can do is ludicrously unfounded.

Every doctor and researcher in the world is trained on things we already know how to do already.

I’m not claiming we haven’t made a dent. I’m claiming I’m in roughly as much danger from these things right now as any human ever has been: middling results.

If we can speed up the cures by even 1%, that’s cumulatively billions of hours of human life saved by the time we’re done.

But what they can do, that AI can't, is try new things in measured, effective, and ethical ways.

And that hypothetical "billions of hours of human life saved" has to be measured against the actual damage being done right now.

Real damage to economy, environment, politics, social cohesion, and people's lives now

vs

Maybe, someday, we improve the speed of finding cures for diseases? In an unknown way, at an unknown time, for an unknown cost, and by an unknown amount.

Who knows, maybe they'll give everyone a pony while they're at it! It seems just as likely as what you're proposing.

[flagged]

There's one additional question we could have here, which is "is AI here to stay and is it net-positive, or does it have significant negative externalities"

> What we really want to ask ourselves is whether our economy is set up to mostly get things right, or it is wastefully searching.

We've so far found two ways in recent memory that our economy massively fails when it comes to externalities.

Global Warming continues to get worse, and we cannot globally coordinate to stop it when the markets keep saying "no, produce more oil, make more CO2, it makes _our_ stock go up until the planet eventually dies, but our current stock value is more important than the nebulous entire planet's CO2".

Ads and addiction to gambling games, tiktok, etc also are a negative externality where the company doing the advertising or making the gambling game gains profit, but at the expense of effectively robbing money from those with worse impulse control and gambling problems.

Even if the market votes that AI will successfully extract enough money to be "here to stay", I think that doesn't necessarily mean the market is getting things right nor that it necessarily increases productivity.

Gambling doesn't increase productivity, but the market around kalshi and sports betting sure indicates it's on the rise lately.

I suspect a lot of this is due to large amounts of liquidity sloshing around looking for returns. We are still dealing with the consequences of the ZIRP (Zero Interest Rate Policy) and QE (Quantitative Easing) where money to support the economy through the Great Financial Crisis and Covid was largely funneled in to the top, causing the 'everything bubble'. The rich got (a lot) richer, and now have to find something to do with that wealth. The immeasurable returns promised by LLMs (in return for biblical amounts of investment) fits that bill very well.

AI could be here to stay and "chase a career as an electrician helping build datacenters" could also be a mistake. The construction level could plateau or decline without a bubble popping.

That's why it can't just be a market signal "go become an electrician" when the feedback loop is so slow. It's a social/governmental issue. If you make careers require expensive up-front investment largely shouldered by the individuals, you not only will be slow to react but you'll also end up with scores of people who "correctly" followed the signals right up until the signals went away.

> you'll also end up with scores of people who "correctly" followed the signals right up until the signals went away.

I think this is where we're headed, very quickly, and I'm worried about it from a social stability perspective (as well as personal financial security of course). There's probably not a single white-collar job that I'd feel comfortable spending 4+ years training for right now (even assuming I don't have to pay or take out debt for the training). Many people are having skills they spent years building made worthless overnight, without an obvious or realistic pivot available.

Lots and lots of people who did or will do "all the right things," with no benefit earned from it. Even if hypothetically there is something new you can reskill into every five years, how is that sustainable? If you're young and without children, maybe it is possible. Certainly doesn't sound fun, and I say this as someone who joined tech in part because of how fast-paced it was.

> Many people are having skills they spent years building made worthless overnight, without an obvious or realistic pivot available.

I'd like to see real examples of this, beyond trivial ones like low-quality copywriting (i.e. the "slop" before there was slop) that just turns into copyediting. Current AI's are a huge force multiplier for most white-collar skills, including software development.

Your comment doesn't say anything

"The real question is whether the boom is, economically, a mistake."

The answer to this is two part:

1. Have we seen an increase in capability over the last couple of years? The answer here is clearly yes.

2. Do we think that this increase will continue? This is unknown. It seems so, but we don't know and these firms are clearly betting that it will.

1a. Do we think that with existing capability that there is tremendous latent demand? If so the buildout is still rational if progress stops.

If

> People will take courses in those things and try to get a piece of the winnings.

The problem is boom-bust cycles. Electricians will always be in demand but it takes about 3 years to properly train even a "normal" residential electrician - add easily 2-3 years on top to work on the really nasty stuff aka 50 kV and above.

No matter what, the growth of AI is too rapid and cannot be sustained. Even if the supposed benefits of AI all come true - the level of growth cannot be upheld because everything else suffers.

> it takes about 3 years to properly train even a "normal" residential electrician

To pass ordinary wire with predefined dimensions in exposed conduits? No way it takes more than a few weeks.

It’s protected by requiring many hours (years) of apprenticeship. These kinds of heavily unionized jobs only reward seniority. Gotta pay your dues buddy!

I'm talking about proper German training, not the kind of shit that leads to what Cy Porter (the home inspector legend) exposes on Youtube.

Shoddy wiring can hold up for a looong time in homes because outside of electrical car chargers and baking ovens nothing consumes high current over long time and as long as no device develops a ground fault, even a lack of a GFCI isn't noticeable. But a data center? Even smaller ones routinely rack up megawatts of power here, large hyperscaler deployments hundreds of megawatts. Sustained, not peak. That is putting a lot of stress on everything involved: air conditioning, power, communications.

And for that to hold up, your neighbor Joe who does all kinds of trades as long as he's getting paid in cash won't cut it.

> What we really want to ask ourselves is whether our economy is set up to mostly get things right, or it is wastefully searching.

I can’t speak to the economy as a whole, but the tech economy has a long history of bubbles and scams. Some huge successes, too—but gets it wrong more often than it gets it right.

> If AI is here to stay, as a thing that permanently increases productivity,

Thing is, I am still waiting to see where it increases productivity aside from some extremely small niches like speech to text and summarizing some small text very fast.

Serious question, but have you not used it to implement anything at your job? Admittedly I was very skeptical but last sprint in 2 days I got 12 pull requests up for review by running 8 agents on my computer in parallel and about 10 more on cloud VMs. The PRs are all double reviewed and QA'd and merged. The ones that don't have PRs are larger refactors, one 40K loc and the other 30k loc and I just need actual time to go through every line myself and self-test appropriately, otherwise it would have been more stuff finished. These are all items tied to money in our backlog. It would have taken me about 5 times as long to close those items out without this tooling. I also would have not had as much time to produce and verify as many unit tests as I did. Is this not increased productivity?

So you roll a dice and call yourself a software engineer, basically.

> I am still waiting to see where it increases productivity...

If you are a software engineer, and you are not using using AI to help with software development, then you are missing out. Like many other technologies, using AI agents for software dev work takes time to learn and master. You are not likely to get good results if you try it half-heartedly as a skeptic.

And no, nobody can teach you these skills in a comment in an online forum. This requires trial and error on your part. If well known devs like Linus Torvalds are saying there is value here, and you are not seeing it, then then the issue is not with the tool.

These are definitely skills I don't want to have, don't worry.

Are you doctor or a farmer?

If you are a software engineer you are missing out a lot, literally a lot!

What is he missing? Do you have anything quantitative other than an AI marketing blog or an anecdote?

Claude Code, Codex, Antigravity?

My experience is different than others, but what I am seeing, people around me, building software with 99% AI written code.

They do review it, but the code, exploration primarily done by AI and debugging is done together (e.g. XYZ is not compiling what do I do,...)

It's caused a massive shortage of interesting content that isn't related to AI.

Remember when AI were closer to just purpose-built neural networks and not always LLMs?

I miss reading about that kind of “AI”

The best part is every single thread on HN now has someone accusing the author of using AI.

many users here are not willing to try anything new that might give it a chance. even if i show someone a better alternative, they still wont use it because no one else is using it. people need to be told what to do. initiative has been beaten out of you all.

[flagged]

Him and everyone upvoting him

Alternative to archive.ph, no Javascript, no CAPTCHAs:

   x=www.washingtonpost.com 
   { 
   printf 'GET /technology/2026/02/07/ai-spending-economy-shortages/ HTTP/1.1\r\n'
   printf 'Host: '$x'\r\n'
   printf 'User-Agent: Chrome/115.0.5790.171 Mobile Safari/537.36 (compatible ; Googlebot/2.1 ; +http://www.google.com/bot.html)\r\n'
   printf 'X-Forwarded-For: 66.249.66.1\r\n\r\n'
   }|busybox ssl_client -n $x $x > 1.htm
   firefox ./1.htm

> Alternative to archive.ph, no Javascript, no CAPTCHAs:

The other tld have been kinder to me (no captcha).

https://archive.md/J8pg5

https://archive.fo/J8pg5

Anonymous middleman that could potentiallly collect browsing histories, serves CAPTCHAS, requires Javascript, maybe in crosshairs of authorities, unreliable according to some commenters (YMMV). NB. Nothing about "honeypot", just observations (cf. "accusations")

Someone recently noticed an apparent DDOS attempt on some blogger using Javascript fetch function

The site used to include a tracking pixel containing the visitor's IP address

Also used to ping mail.ru

Would need to look at the page source again to see what it contains today

It's a crowd favorite

People love it

A "Firefox app" could "access browsing history", "steal cookies", whatever unless (a) the user removes the app's ability to "phone home" from the source code then compiles the app themselves and (b) the user controls the servers to which the app is allowed to connect

For example, Firefox app by default, without any input from the user, tries to make connections to Mozilla servers such as

   content-signature-2.cdn.mozilla.net
   firebaseremoteconfig.googleapis.com
   firefox.settings.services.allizom.org
   firefox.settings.services.mozilla.com
   services.addons.mozilla.org
   detectportal.firefox.com
   contile.services.mozilla.com

Even uBlock Origin tries to connect to ublockorigin.pages.dev by default, i.e., without any input from the user

The user might want this connection to occur but because it is a default the user might also not even know the connection is being made. These connections are a developer choice not a user choice. The user might agree with the choice

Third party anonymous middleman that can observe what site(s) a user wants to read

Keywords: anonymous, third party

The websites with the webpages that a user seeks to read, e.g., some page on www.washingtonpost.com, are not third party websites. They are "first party" websites

Other archives are third parties but are generally not run by anonymous operators that keep shifting between different IP addresses and domain names

Other archives generally do not serve CAPTCHAs or require Javascript

Will provide examples if requested

No Anubis:

   {
   printf 'GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n'
   printf 'Host: www.kernel.org\r\n\r\n'
   }|busybox ssl_client 146.75.109.55

</script></div></div><img style="position:absolute" width="1" height="1" src="https://205.1.1.1.cc.VSY1.123456789.pixel.archive.md/x.gif"><script type="text/javascript">

This is from December 2024. May have changed since then

Is the tracking pixel a hack to get around absence of EDNS subnet

>Anonymous middleman that could potentiallly collect browsing histories

So literally any site? What's the alternative, using something like bypass paywalls clean, and allow it to access your browsing history AND steal your cookies?

>serves CAPTCHAS

I don't like it, but it's understandable given the load from AI scrapers. Do you also get upset at kernel.org for putting up Anubis?

>requires Javascript

So most sites?

>The site used to include a tracking pixel containing the visitor's IP address

???

They couldn't get visitor IP through logs?

Are you accusing archive.today of being a honeypot for the feds because they use Cloudflare? That's a bit much don't you think?

Archive.today don't use Cloudflare, the admin mimics their captcha page because he hates them. He also used to captcha-loop anyone using Cloudflare's DNS resolver because they don't send the IP subnet of clients to upstreams.

I don't think it's a honeypot, though, it's not like he's learning much about me other than I like not paying for news sites.

This is the trade-off to connectivity and removing frictional barriers (i.e., globalism). This is the economic equivalent of what Nick Land and Spandrell called the "IQ shredder". Spandrell said of Singapore:

  Singapore is an IQ shredder. It is an economically productive metropolis that
  sucks in bright and productive minds with opportunities and amusements at the
  cost of having a demographically unsustainable family unit.

Right now, AI is a "capital shredder". In the past, there were barriers everywhere, and we've worked hard to tear those down. It used to be that the further the distance (physically, but also in other senses too, like currencies, language, culture, etc.), the greater the friction to capital flows. The local rich guy would start a business in his town. Now he sends it to one of the latest global capital attractors, which have optimized for capital inflow. This mechanism works whether the attractor can efficiently use that capital or not. That resource inflow might be so lucrative, that managing inflow is the main thing it does. Right now that's AI, but as long as present structure continues, this is how the machine of the global economy will work.

This is hogwash. It's incel and eugenic reasoning wrapped up all together.

Not every smart person (or even most) are engineers, and of the ones that are they don't all move to tech hubs, and the ones that do not all of them can't get laid.

And I'll give you a great reason why it's hogwash, the "brilliant" engineers that can't get laid in Singapore are the same "brilliant" engineers that can't get laid in their home town

I agree with you that STEM don't hold a monopoly on intelligence.

> engineers that can't get laid in Singapore are the same "brilliant" engineers that can't get laid in their home town

Maybe so, but not for the same reasons. Back in their home town, they cannot vibe with anyone because the few who might be compatible have long since left. In a STEM hotspot, they go to an event and meet compatible people, but it's 11 guys for every 3 girls, so unless they are top dog in that room, they aren't going to score.

And yet, the population of Singapore isn't 79% male.

IDK the dating scene in Singapore. I frankly didn't even know that Singapore was considered a tech hub. I was using it as a synonym for a tech hub because that is what I assumed the author was doing.

…not to mention they are completely ignoring the existence of smart girls as well

Higher education is strongly associated to lower fertility rates. Especially for women, but for men too. So no the argument doesn't ignore the existence of smart women. Smart women (and men) just far less likely to reproduce, statistically speaking.

> […] overflowing with smart guys. […] smart guys build […] he's the smartest guy […] local rich guy would start a business […]

It’s pretty clear this entire crude theory is based on a thinking system that has little place for women in active positions.

And if your immediate reaction to that is annoyance because it seems like an insignificant detail, maybe reflect on that for a moment.

Are you upset about biology or the logic that follows the reality of human biology?

What now, human biology dictates men lead and women bear children? I'm upset some people carry that pathetic incel narrative over to HN.

I’m going to ignore the stupidity and point out the problem of time.

If you spend your time educating yourself and working, you don’t have time to reproduce and raise children. Thus declining birth rates

Reality isn’t an incentive narrative. Go research declining birth rates and female education attainment and you will find charts that make it clear

If your answer to that problem is less women should attain higher education and take care of raising children instead, we just fundamentally disagree. Women have an equal right to education and working as men do.

The charts you refer to show an environment where the responsibility for care work is heavily skewed to the detriment of women. If men took up a bigger part of raising children, it would be easier for couples to do that. But the vast majority of men don't.

We can blame the individual for the cost we've outsourced into him. When he collapses under that load, we can attribute it to personal shortcomings. Some people survive, even thrive, in the current environment, after all. We've coalesced a plurality of games into a single one, and in a sense, it works great. We have our smartphones, AI, online shopping, and targeted advertising.

Notepad now has Copilot built right into it, after all. That wasn't going to happen by now if we took the human psyche as a given and built around that.

> can't get laid

huh, I thought it was talking about how expensive extra bedrooms are in big cities so people choose not to have (as many) kids there

>>It's incel and eugenic reasoning wrapped up all together.

More like French post-structuralism.

It’s the same nonsense as people going “Idiocracy is a documentary.“ Of course none of them think they’re the idiots.

I was going to comment the same. Complaining about how there are too many dumb people is a trollish red flag I've learned to disengage from.

Also, stop blaming your damn users.

Apologies but either I don’t understand your post or it is nonsensical.

What relevance does AI have to being an IQ shredder if the talent has gone into (productively) developing capable AI?

If anything, AI completely disproves your notion of IQ shredder because this is an instance of lack of barriers actually hastening progress. Look at all the AI talent. Very few are American or ethnic Americans.

AI is an attractor. In general, attractors absent barriers have the potential to act as a resource shredder in the context of an ecosystem where stability was predicated on said barriers being present.

I called AI a "capital shredder" because I'm asserting that it is one (of many) by comparison to a more even distribution of capital investment. The non-attractor small town where the capital that would have gone into a self-reinforcing progress cycle has it redirected into an external context. If you don't care about that and just want more AI, then no worries, because that's what we're optimizing for.

I was trying to limit my point to something clear with linear reasoning, but AI is indeed also an IQ shredder in both the immediate and transitive sense. For the former, it's an aggregator of talent. From the perspective of the small town (both domestic and foreign), its best human resources have been extracted.

Relation with production is irrelevant for the purposes of being a shredder, but this system does generally serve for increased production of a sort. That's why we ended up with it. The small town doesn't get its factories, local governance doesn't get good programmers, etc. Those resources are being redirected into getting us to wherever AI is going to go because that's what the global economic machine desires right now. Likewise in the past for NFTs, crypto, cloud, etc.

To personalize this: I was drawn to an attractor and rode one of those waves myself, and, at least economically, it worked out great for me as it probably has for others here. However, this system isn't a free lunch.

It looks like it’s working as expected then? This is what I would have done with AI if I had complete authority to decide where money flows and what people should do.

What’s the alternative

> Very few are American or ethnic Americans

Maybe you should look into why that is. Or specifically look at the scores and grades of students applying to grad school in the US vs who is admitted (this isn't a recent thing either) by country. If anything, we are probably behind where we should be because we don't admit the best into the best schools. We admit those that don't need grants (usually because their government pays instead).

What amazes me about this theory is that being the 115 IQ guy in a town where the next guy is 105 isn’t better than being the 115 IQ guy in and office averaging 120.

Or put more plainly, being a big fish in a small pond is not better than being a small fish.

Why not just not compare to others because it’s easy to game anything?

Just look for patterns and then act out of self interest. Nobody is coming to save you.

I’m no high IQ person but if I can figure out how to get a STEM job without STEM degree, make money by getting lucky at a unicorn, invest and sell for profit and invest again (only losers HODL so others can take profits), then there’s really no excuse why someone else can’t.

And I’m originally from a country that has like 70 IQ nationally or so it is said. So I’m not a genius, maybe the only quality I have that makes me different is I don’t know how to quit until I meet my goal.

More people should stop crying and be a man. Our ancestors literally survived against nature and each other so we could post here on HN. I don’t mean being able to lift 500lbs like a caveman either.

Exercise your brain, it gets stronger too because I have a hard time understanding concepts sometimes, but taking steps to break it down and digest it in pieces helps me. Takes a bit longer but hopefully you have tomorrow.

I can't tell if this is satire

MENA slop

Whatever you need to tell yourself to cope!

I tried to help, but maybe I should have given you two a tissue box instead.

> Singapore is an IQ shredder.

Heh, I've just realized about 2 years ago that it's worse.

Cities are people shredders. Based on the information I've found, cities have lower fertility rates than rural areas and this has been the case ever since they were created.

I absolutely love cities, but with ever increasing urbanization and unless we make HUGE changes to facilitate people easily having kids in cities (and I'm talking HUGE, stuff like having stay at home parents for the first 6-7 years of their childhood, free access to communal areas that offer all the services required to take care of kids of any age, free education, etc), humanity will probably not be able to sustain a population of more than say, 1 billion people. Probably much fewer.

Which I guess, could work, but we will be in totally uncharted territory.

And then AI comes in and things become... very interesting.

https://asimov.fandom.com/wiki/Solaria

What’s the alternative. Keep the smart physically separated, can never collaborate to make anything paradigm shifting and we just prod along with small town paper mills and marginally better local government?

Within the Landian system, I suspect he'd say the answer is economic "territorialization", the economic equivalent to the mechanism originally defined by Deleuze+Guattari in A Thousand Plateaus based on the territoriality of earlier work.

It's the process where social, political, or cultural meaning is rooted in some context. It's a state of stability and boundaries. For just the economic, the geographic would likely be the centroid of that, but the other vectors are not irrelevant.

One could argue that we suffer to the degree we are deterritorialized, because the effects thereof are alienating. So, we need structure that aligns both our economic and psychological needs. What we have is subordination to the machine, which will do what it's designed to: optimize for its own desire, which is machinic production.

Note that none of this is inherently good/bad. Like anything, a choice has trade-offs. We definitely get more production within the current structure. The cost is born by the individual, aggregating into the social ills that are now endemic.

Land himself has suggested a very anti-human solution to the problem of "IQ shredders":

"The most hard-core capitalist response to this [IQ shredders] is to double-down on the antihumanist accelerationism. This genetic burn-rate is obviously unsustainable, so we need to convert the human species into auto-intelligenic robotized capital [a]s fast as possible, before the whole process goes down in flames." [0]

[0] Nick Land (2014). IQ Shredders in Xenosystems Blog. Retrieved from github.com/cyborg-nomade/reignition

Thanks, been awhile since I read it.

I think the only solution is territorialization if you want to preserve the human. If you don't care about that (or think that it's not possible anyway), then yes, accelerate.

Glad there’s other fellow travelers here

We’ve had 50 years of genetic engineering and it’s about time we started using it. I wish someone with more central authority like China starts doing experiments of genetically altering humans to start making super humans. We have the technology, it’s only ethics holding us back. So what if a few thousand people (preferably volunteers) die in experiments, we should just make sure they’re condemned (like death row or terminally ill) and carry on.

California had a great mechanism for this in their land grant colleges, which back before the protests of the Vietnam War were required to offer the valedictorian of nearby high schools (or the person with the highest GPA who accepted) full tuition and room and board --- then Governor Ronald Reagan shut down this program when the students had the temerity to protest the Vietnam War --- it was also grade inflation to keep students above the threshold necessary for a draft deferment which began the downward spiral of American education.

Yeah, more separated would be ideal. Local government (and churches or other organizations) should have strong incentives to keep talents in their hometowns, or at least their home countries. Imagine how much stronger technologically the EU would be now if their skilled workers didn't get brain-drained to the US for decades.

A little less min-maxing, perhaps.

[flagged]

this is genius

It’s definitely not causing shortages of people, with tens of thousands and more getting laid off every month!

The AI boom is just like a conference- where new and shiny seems to do wonders, but when you come back to workplace, none of that seem to work or fit in!

The article was specific about where the jobs shortages are. Electricians, construction, mathematicians (?)(wasn't aware the was a lot of dedicated math work in a data center design and build). Lay offs have been in software, design, and elsewhere.

Yes, because the bigger issue is that the whole American system has been so dominated by the rapacious and parasitic mindset of the blob that may be grouped as the PE/investor class (which I also belong to and have benefited from, even though it’s been deliberately secondarily), which has been extracting/monetizing value and cutting real, human, long term investment in lieu of short term, quick, unsustainable outsourcing and resource extracting methods for so many decades now that it has now left America in a tight spot.

Unfortunately, though it has left mostly the Europeans, but all American vassals in an even worse position as the vampiric fake American ruling class, devours America like Saturn devouring his son, as famously depicted by Goya. The parasitic American empire is in a bit of a panic and it is pulling out all the stops to make everyone else pay for its failures, evil, and detrimental activities. That comes in the form of extracting value from Europe and damaging their economy in order to make them even more dependent vassals who still think they can rebel like a toddler threading to run away from home, and dominating the Americas that are effectively helpless in the face of Americas overwhelming position over them.

The anxiety and panic among the American ruling class is palpable among the clubhouse chatter. The empire is in a bit of a panic to sustain itself, just as much as it is also trying to devour what little value is left among the American pension funds and people to save itself; Saturn devouring his son for fear of the prophesy that his child would overthrow him.

It is a downside of being the world center of finance is that you have way too many well paid finance guys sitting in rooms trying to squeeze the juice out of everything on the market.

The opposite end of that is that this AI boom wouldn't have existed in America without the insane amount of capital these guys can put together.

A 'boom' would imply AI is actually profitable.

Another serious flaw with the modern American economy is that too much of our money is spent betting on whatever lottery ticket dream we are sold will grant the highest returns. For too long, we have been investing in software companies like Meta hoping for unicorn returns, paying no attention to the fact that many of these companies do little to materially improve the real world we live in, while our communities and infrastructure fall into disrepair. Who wants to invest in a lower-margin construction company, when there is a chance company some tech company X might come up with an addictive imaginary widget on our phone that has a marginal cost of almost nothing after the first one is built.

Now, all this new hardware we're building is powering AI that is only proven to improve the quality of our software, and will likely displace many of the middle class "white collar" jobs we have left. Buckle up boys, we are in for a bumpy ride.

> Smartphones are expected to get pricier for potentially years to come.

"Smart" phones have ceased to be smart years ago. They are now instruments of mass surveillance, and the tech industry has convinced people that 1) you need one not to be a social outcast, 2) you need to upgrade it every year, 3) not having root access is for your own good.

I'll stick to my Pixel 9a running Graphene for the forseeable future.

Well, the article touched on how smaller phone makers and middle tier startups, are being squeezed out. Big tech and their surveillance economy is only going to tighten their grip now.

Why does almost every thread have 200+, sometimes 500+ comments now? Back a few months or a year ago, most threads were sitting at 10-20 comments max.

They stay on the front page longer. I've seen more stayin there for hours upto days.

The article is primarily about how wild unrestrained AI spending is causing problems. For example it is hard to get an electrician, anything with memory in it is either significantly more expensive or unobtainable, and building of homes, factories, and hospitals is being depressed pushing down supply (Housing supply being potentially depressed by AI is both serious and alarming). The HN conversation about this article seems to instead be will Google, OpenAI, etc break even? The degree of disconnect in Silicon Valley between the tech industry and everyone else's problems is alarming.

These are the best kinds of problems to have, an economic recession would be far worse.

The token maximizer is a thought experiment illustrating AI alignment risks. Imagine an AI given the simple goal of maximizing token production. If it became sufficiently powerful, it might convert all available resources — including humans and the Earth — into tokens or token-producing infrastructure, not out of malice, but because its objective function values nothing else. The scenario shows how even a trivial goal, paired with enough intelligence, can lead to catastrophic outcomes if the AI's objectives aren't carefully aligned with human values.

*written by AI, of course

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Paperclips

This is ok, let macroeconomics happen, and instead, enforce monopoly laws. The effect in 2-3 years will be a wider base of suppliers, cheaper goods, and solid supply chains.

Good thing that I don't need a :

- bigger TV, my "old" not even 4K video projector is enough

- faster phone with more memory or better camera, my current one as "just" 5G, is enough

- faster laptop/desktop, I can work on the laptop, game on desktop

- higher resolution VR headsets (but I'll still get a Steam Frame because it's more free)

- denser smart watch, I'm not even using the ones I have

... so, the situation is bad, yes, and yet I don't really care. The hardware I have is good enough and in fact regardless of AI I've been arguing we've reached "peak" IT few years ago already. Of course I wouldn't mind "better" everything (higher resolution, faster refresh rate, faster CPU/GPU, more memory, more risk, etc). What I'm arguing for though is that most "normal" users (please, don't tell me you're a video editor for National Geographic who MUST edit 360 videos in 8K! That's great for you, honestly, love that, but that's NOT a "normal" user!) who bough high end hardware during the last few year matches most of their capabilities.

All that being said, yes, pop that damn bubble, still invest in AI R&D and datacenters, still invest in AI public research for energy, medicine, etc BUT not the LLM/GenAI tulip commercial craze.

Your forgetting a little detail ... While you do not need a lot of new stuff, companies need buyers. A lot of companies work on rather thing margins and losing potentially 10 a 20% sales can result in people getting fired, or companies shutting down.

Remember, its not just about "O, X big brands sells less, they can deal with it". But a lot of brands have suppliers who feed that system. Or PC component makers like ... heatsinks, Fans, Cases ... seeing a 20% less sales because people buy less new PCs.

People do not realize how much is linked in the industry. Smaller GPU card makers are literally saying that they may be forced to leave the industry because of drops in sales and the memory prices making the products too expensive.

We can live a long time on old hardware but hardware also limits. Hey, the wife's laptop is from 2019, just before Covid (2020 when a lot of people bought new laptops). The battery is barely holding on. Replacement? None (reputable) ... So in a year that laptop is dead.

How about phones? Same issue ... battery is the build in obsolete maker.

You see the issue. It goes beyond what what most people realize.

Wait when a recession hits when the whole AI bubble bursts and cascades down the already weakened industry. Unlike previous bubbles, the hardware being build is so specialized, that little will hit the normal consumer market. So there will not be a flood of cheap GPUs or memory being dumped on the market.

I'm honestly not worried. My laptop battery is at ~70% health, same for phone. It's not great but it's enough to be useful.

Hopefully current companies failing, and yes closing down, might in fact be the opportunity for new companies focusing precisely on different dimension, namely repairability rather than top specs. I have in mind MNT, Pine64, Librem, FairPhone, or projects like LiFePO4wered/Pi+ or battery adapters.

There are new actors that are not computer manufacturers but precisely reconsider the value chain instead of solely focusing on higher specs.

Yeah, some hardware vendors that sell things like pc cases or coolers have definitely noticed that people are really building way less PCs

A bubble doesn’t necessarily imply the underlying technology is useless.

It implies that expectations and capital allocation have significantly outpaced realistic returns, leading to painful corrections for bulls.

And with AI, a classic bubble signal is emerging: widespread exit-timing instead of deep, long-term conviction.

The greatest critics of the AI boom like Gary Marcus and Michael Burry aren’t even saying it’s useless, that’s a strawman no one is arguing for

> widespread exit-timing instead of deep, long-term conviction.

$500+bn in one year capex from largest and most profitable companies ever known to mankind seems like a deep and long-term conviction, no? you and I may not have conviction, the largest and most profitable companies on earth that have been carrying most of global economy do

Do they have conviction or FOMO?

I would bet against the Mag7 FOMO’ing around

> Good luck finding an electrician

My local (urban) residential electricians aren't even busy -- they are booking less than a week out. By contrast, just last year they were booking six weeks out. The fall in EV infrastructure demand due to eliminated incentives might be impacting them more than additional data center demand.

I wouldn't call inflating a bubble a "boom".

Sign me up to be an electrician. The line for that is pretty long and gatekept.

You and 100,000 other software engineers will make that line pretty short in no time I bet!

It's amazing how South Park has better economic sense than HN (or maybe not actually)

Electricians make more money than an average developer. A commercial one will be like being a staff level dev. This is why it is gatekept in most municipalities. To be fair, being a good electrician is not easy.

There's a shortage of over 500,000 tradesmen in the US right now, expected to reach a shortage of 2 million by 2030. And if you've ever tried to get somebody out for a repair: it's hard. They are expensive, and the tradesmen are often not good, and often pretty dumb, even about their own field. Add to that the regulatory gatekeeping, where it takes 5 years minimum of working under someone else to be able to work independently in some fields, and the low initial pay and poor treatment causing people to drop out... there's going to be a shortage for a long time. And even if their wasn't - the people in those fields now would be relatively easy to outcompete imo.

Does anyone know the high-level breakdown of where the money's going and how long that part (energy production, energy transmission, network, datacenter, servers/GPUs) lasts?

The railway comparison is apt, but the pace is striking. JPMorgan calculates tech needs 650B in new annual revenue just to break even on ROI. That's an extraordinary bet.The shortage effects are real and measurable. But capital doesn't easily substitute — you can't just redirect 700B into infrastructure without immediately hitting bottlenecks in skilled labor and materials.I use LLMs daily for coding. They're helpful for scaffolding. But the gap between "useful tool" and "justify restructuring the entire economy" is massive. If this is a bubble, the legacy won't just be stranded GPUs — it'll be years of diverted resources and accelerated power consolidation. The railway boom left railways. What does an AI boom leave if the returns don't materialize?

I feel like I'm caught in between two schizophrenically myopic perspectives on AI.

One being:

>Generative AI is a product of VC-funding enabled hype, enormous subsidies and fraudulent results. No AI code "really" works or contributes to productivity, and soon the bubble will burst, returning Real Software Engineers to their former peerless ascendency.

And the other perspective:

>The AI boom will be the last chance to make money, after which point your socioeconomic status circa 2028 will be the permanent station of all your progeny, who will enjoy a heavenly post-scarcity experience with luxury amenities scaled by your PageRank equivalent of social connections to employees at leading AI labs.

What a low quality article with zero new information or insights. WaPo is dead.

https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/04/business/media/washington...

Good.

Gen pop can diversify its skillset, become more independently self sufficient as a result, rely on/require less money overall, and realize they don't really need to listen to rich tech CEOs which will implode their value politically.

SaaS jobs were about little more than agency control and now they're losing that control.

AI "boom?"

Where's the "boom?" Doesn't that imply a bunch of people are getting rich off of new business?

Where are those?